Sensory Systems and Impairments (Week 7) Flashcards
A child with tactile defensiveness carried out but withdrawal and aviodance behaviors and emotional outburtst may have an issue with?
Hypersensitive (sensory dysfunction)
What kind of therapy will be used with kids who have hypersensitivity
desensitization
what is graphethesia?
being able to decipher a letter when drawn in the hand
What is stereognosis?
being able to distinguish objects by touch
What is baragnosia
being able to distinguish the weight of an object
What is the 2 point discrimination test?
when 2 fingers are touched at different points on the body and you are able to distinguish where they were located
A child who under-registers sensory stimuli and has poor impulse control and inattention as a result may have an issue known as?
Hyposensitivity
What are 2 assessment tools used for determining sensory tactile dysfunction?
- sensory integration and praxis test
2. touch inventory for elementary school aged children
This is the sensory organ for hearing?
organ of corti (in the cochlea)
This system/part of the ear is responsible for balance and spatial orientation
Vestibular system
The fluid inside this structure is for detecting rate or movement and change
semicircular canals
This structure is connected to the semicircular canals and detects direction and speed?
Otolithic organs
This nerve is important in sending hearing and vestibular information to the brain
Vestibular N (CN VII)
Vestibular dysfunctions occur when there is damage to which part of the ear (outer, middle, or inner)?
inner
This cluster of symptoms is common is vestibular dysfunction
dizziness and nausea headaches poor spatial relations nystagmus poor coordination and balance trouble in dark areas delays in development/reflex
What is the vestibular ocular reflex?
eyes stabilize with movement
eyes move opposite of the head
What 3 structures have to be intact for the vestibular ocular reflex to work properly?
CN 3
CN 4
CN 6
When does the vestibular ocular reflex show up normally in infants?
2 mo (latest 3-4 mo)
What is childhood paroxysmal vertigo?
vertigo in kids
What is the most common vestilbular condition associated with dizziness?
childhood paroxysmal vertigo
If a child experiences childhood paroxysmal vertigo, what are they more likely to acquire later in life?
Vertigo
Migraines
What are 2 potential causes of childhood paroxysmal vertigo?
- abnormal vestibular cerebellar pathway
2. issue with vestibular nuclei in brainstem
What two diagnostic tests are done to determine that childhood paroxysmal vertigo is not structural?
- MRI
2. Brain Scan
What is 2 intervention tools are common with childhood paroxysmal vertigo?
- medications
2. vestibular rehab therapy (VRT)
Where does the peripheral auditory system begin and end?
starts @ external ear
ends @ auditory nerve
2 parts of the external ear
auditory canal
auricle
3 parts of the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
ossicles
eustachian tubes
what are the 3 ossicles of the middle ear?
malleus
incus
stapes
Function of the eustachian tubes?
connect the ear and the nasopharynx
Where is the oval window located?
between the middle and inner ear
2 parts of the inner ear?
cochlea
vestibular system
What deficit would be seen if there was a dysfunction in the auditory pathway?
can hear music but cannot decipher what is being said
issue with interpreting language
where is the primary auditory cortex located
superior temporal gyrus
What 6 structures make up the primary auditory pathway?
Organ of corti Cochlear N Cochlear Nuclei Inferior colliculi Medial Geniculate Body Primary Auditory Cortex
This lobe is primarily involved in communication and memory?
temporal lobe
This area of the brain is important with receptive language?
Wernickes Area
This area of the brain is important for memory and auditory learning?
hippocampus
This area of the brain is important for sensory processing, emotions, and fight or flight?
amygdala
When in gestation is the auditory system functional but still needs fine tuning?
25-26 weeks
When in gestation is the auditory system fine tuned?
28-30 weeks
When in gestation is the cochlea and all the organs formed but not all connected
20 weeks GA
When in gestation can babies begin to distinguish different emotions in speech and music?
34-38 weeks
What is an important factor for babies of 0-3 months in learning auditory memory/patterns?
REM sleep
At what age do babies start moving in their eyes in the direction of music?
4-6 mo
At what age do babies start to recognize tone in voice and pay attention to music?
4-6 mo
At what age to babies start moving their head in the direction of music?
7-1 yr
At what age do babies start responding to directions and gesturing?
7mo-1yr
What type of dysfunction occurs from temporary build of ear wax or middle ear infections?
Conductive hearing loss
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
permanent hearing loss involving the cochlea
What is permanent conductive hearing loss
permanent hearing loss due to a malformation of the middle or external ear
What are neural hearing disorders?
normal outer ear but abnormal inner ear or cochlear nerve
At what Hz level does hearing loss become profound?
> 90 Hz
At what Hz level can it become detrimental in a pre-verbal child and cause permanent language and emotional delays later in life?
26-40 Hz
T/F Prematurity is a big risk factor for hearing impairment
True
A child who has difficulty hearing sounds at a distance, difficulty with soft frequency sounds, and may miss some conversational speech may have what kind of hearing dysfunction?
Mild bilateral loss
A child who has difficulty hearing conversational speech (such as a whisper), may have a learning disability, and may have an amplification system may have what kind of hearing dysfunction?
Moderate, Moderate to severe, or severe hearing loss
What are the 4 interventions/therapies for an individual with hearing loss
Early intervention
auditory oral educational methods
language learning skills
english oriented sign system
What are 2 types of amplification systems for people with hearing loss?
Hearing Aides
Assisted listening devices
What are 2 unique members that make up the team for hearing dysfunctions?
Audiologist
SLP
This is a prosthetic that electrically stimulates the cochlea and auditory nerve directly?
cochlear implant
This type of disorder is characterized by difficulty in attending, analyzing, storing, recalling, or drawing conclusions from auditory information?
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
When are auditory processing disorders (APD) usually diagnosed?
7-8 yrs (when they begin school)
what are 3 interventions for auditory processing disorders (APD)
environmental changes
recruit higher order skills for compensating
build auditory skills
When age can babies start to use sign language?
6-8 mo
T/F: Hearing and IQ are impaired with Auditory Processing Disorders (APD)?
False
Rods vs. Cones in the eye?
Rods- black and white; light changes
Cones- color
6 structures involved in the visual pathway
Optic Nerve (CN II) Optic Chiasm Optic Tract LGB (thalamus) Optic Radiation Occipital Lobe
Central vision vs. peripheral vision
central-acuity
peripheral-awareness
6 muscles of the eye
lateral rectus medial rectus superior rectus inferior rectus superior oblique inferior oblique
Pursuit tracking vs. saccades tracking
pursuit-smooth movements
saccades-being able to move from one object to another
This visual perceptual skill allows us to realize distinct features
visual discrimination
This visual perceptual skill allows us to recall what is seen
visual memory
This visual perceptual skill allows us to understand position and our need to know right from left?
visual spatial
This visual perceptual skill allows us to know depths and little figures
figure ground
This visual perceptual skill allows us to make I-Spy and Where’s Waldo books
figure ground
This visual perceptual skill allows us to recognize different forms, shapes, and orientations of objects
form constancy
When do eyes begin to form and when are they done forming?
4 weeks; 15 weeks GA
T/F premature babies have a big issue with vasculature of the eyes?
True; the vasculature takes until birth to develop
When does the retina fully develop?
3-4 Weeks after birth
When does depth perception occur in infants?>
9-12 mo
Which occurs first head or visual control?
head control
What is hemianopia?
Optic N. deficit
no vision in one eye
What is Heteronymous Hemianopia?
Optic Chiasm deficit
No peripheral vision
What is Right Homonymous Hemianopia?
Optic tract deficit
VF deficit
What is right superior homonymous quadratic anopia?
quadrant deficit
What is macular sparing?
central vision only
How are visual field deficits diagnosed?
opthalmologist or neuro-opthalmologist
An individual with excessive tearing, light sensitivity, and large cloudy corneas may have
glaucoma
An individual with cloudiness of the lens which may lead to a lazy eye
Cataracts
Myopia:
nearsightedness
image focuses before it hits the back of the eye
Hyperopia:
farsighted
image focuses after the back of the eye
Anisometropia:
one eye is myopic and one is hyperopic
Missshaped cornea?
Astigmatism
Drooping eyelid due to levator issues?
Ptosis
Poor visual development at the cortical level and insufficient sensory input can be symptoms of:
Amblyopia
What impairment is characterized by the misalignment due to differences in muscle teaming causing the eyes to look in different directions
Strabismus
Esotropia vs. Exotropia
Eso- inside
Exo- outside
5 Potential causes of cortical visual impairments?
malformations hydrocephalus stroke seizure impaired O2 or blood supply
Responding to light and dark more than faces, looking at things at close range/odd angles, preferring moving objects, and poor visual attention/delayed response are possible implications of what disorder?
cortical visual impairment
These types of abnormalities are seen in the retinal vascular development?
retinopathy of prematurity
Abnormal eye movements, strabismus, severe myopia, leukocoria are characteristic of what disorder?
retinopathy of prematurity
4 possible treatments for retinopathy of prematurity?
laser
cryotherapy
sclera buckle
vitrectomy
