tendons ligaments and muscle

Question 1

describe seperatly what the three roles of tendons and ligaments are

Answer 1

tendons:
transfer force generated by muscles
support joints
store energy

Ligaments:
attach/stabilise bones and joints
protect tendons
proprioception

Question 2

what are the two types of tendon/ligament injuries

Answer 2

extrinsic- trauma

intrinsic- overload, degenerative

Question 3

3 diagnostic imaging methods of tendons/ligaments

Answer 3

ultrasound
radiography
MRI

Question 4

what features would you asses in an ultrasound

Answer 4

change in cross sectional area
fibre echogenicity
margination
position
acute, chronic, focal or generalised changes
blood flow (doppler) to assess neovascularisation

Question 5

what are the three repair phases

Answer 5

inflammatory phase (hours-days)
proliferative phase (days-weeks)
tissue remodelling phase (weeks-months)

Question 6

what are the 7 reactions of muscles to disease

Answer 6

atrophy
hypertrophy
degeneration
regeneration and repair
calcification and ossification
pigmentation
circulatory disturbances

Question 7

what are the 3 causes of muscle atrophy

Answer 7

disuse
denervation
cachexia

Question 8

what are the three types of muscle degeneration

Answer 8

cellular swelling
hyaline degeneration (seen with nutritional myopathies)
granular degeneration
(fibrosis or fat replacement)

Question 9

when does calcification or ossification occur

Answer 9

calcification occurs due to irreversibly damaged tissue

ossification occurs when damaged tissue undergoes metaplasia

Question 10

what deficiency causes white muscle disease

Answer 10

selenium/vitamin E deficiency

seen in calves and calfs below 6 months old

Question 11

what are the clinical signs and treatment of white muscle disease

Answer 11

muscle weakness, stiffness, recumbency, dyspnoea, arrythmias.
elevated CK and AST values.

treat with parenternal administration of selenium/vitamin A

Question 12

what is white muscle disease equivilent in lambs

Answer 12

stiff lamb disease
similar appearance to calves but calcification more pronounced

(neck and tongue affected in young lambs. shoulder, thigh, back and intercostal muscles in older lambs)

Question 13

what muscles are most commonly affected by exercise induced extertional rhabdomyolysis in the horse

Answer 13

gluteals, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Question 14

how would you treat exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses

Answer 14

pain relief, fluid therapy, acepromazine

Question 15

what is seen histologically in polysaccharide storage myopathy

Answer 15

accumulation of glycogen in muscle. amylase resistant inclusion bodies seen

Question 16

what breeds of dog is affected by eosinophilic myositis and what is it

Answer 16

bilaterally enlarged temporal/masticatory muscles with high percentage of eosinophils in blood.

large breeds affected. corticosteroids to treat

Question 17

bacterial and parasitic diseases of muscle

Answer 17

blackleg, malginant oedema

trichinella, sarcocysts, cysticercosis