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MOD (fi) > disease of equine larynx and pharynx > Flashcards

disease of equine larynx and pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 physical barriers in the URT used for airway protection

A

Arytenoid closure
Vocal cord closure
Epiglottis retroversion

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2
Q

what innervates the pharynx

A

cranial nerves V,X,XI

cervical nerves

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3
Q

what are the 4 cartilagous structures of the Larynx

A

Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Paired arytenoid cartilages

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4
Q

what muscles are responsible for abduction and adduction of the glottis

A

abduction (opening) =cricoaryntenoideus dorsalis

adduction (closure) =cricoaryntenoideus lateralis

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5
Q

what are the 3 main disorders of the pharynx

A

dorsal displacement of soft pallate (DDSP)
naso-pharyngeal collapse
pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia

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6
Q

what are the two forms of DDSP

A

intermittent=during intense excercise only. returns to normal position on swallowing.

peristent=pernamently displaced and unable to replace on swallowing

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7
Q

what occurs during DDSP

A

the epiglottis is displaced and sits ventral to the soft pallate

pathogenesis are neuromuscular dysfunction, lower airway disease and structural abnormalities

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8
Q

how would you diagnose DDSP

A 
GURGLING/VIBRATION noise
excercise intolerance
rider reports
endoscopy
dysphagia (pernament DDSP only)
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9
Q

what are the possible treatments of DDSP

A

Conservative treatments:
tongue tie, change tack, allow horse to mature if young, treat inflammatory conditions

surgical treatments:
TIE FORWARD procedure
palatoplasty
staphylectomy
myectomy
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10
Q

briefly describe tie forward and palatoplasty

A

tie forward:laryngeal advancment procedure that positions larynx more dorsal/rostral. sutures placed between basihyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

palatoplasty: thermal/lazer cautery that stiffens soft pallate through fibrosis

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11
Q

what is pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia

A

enlargement of lymphoid follicles on walls and roof of nasopharynx.
common in young horses and of very little clinical importance

treat with anti inflammatories IF associated with DDSP

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12
Q

what are the laryngeal disorders

A 
recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN)
laryngeal dysplasia (4BAD)
vocal chord collapse
medial deviation of aryepiglottic folds
epiglottic entrapment
sub epiglottic cysts
aryntenoid chondritis
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13
Q

describe the pathophysiology of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

A

progressive loss of large myelinated nerve fibres of recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Leads ti neurogenic atrophy and loss of function of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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14
Q

How would you diagnose RLN

A

ROARING noise during inspiration
poor exercise tolerance
endoscopy

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15
Q

describe the 4 grades of RLN by the havermeyer grading system

A

1=normal
2=can fully abduct but movement asynchronous/asymmetrical
3=cant fully abduct
4=complete paralysis

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16
Q

How would you treat RLN

A

prosthetic laryngyoplasty (tie-back) (pernament abduction of left aryntenoid)
ventriculo-cordectomy
laryngeal re-innervation

17
Q

what is the hobday procedure (ventriculocordectomy)

A

removal of laryngeal ventricles

18
Q

what is laryngeal dysplasia

4BAD

A

abnormal development of laryngeal cartilages most commonly right hand sided.
limited abduction of right aryntenoid cartilage leading to rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch.

(4-6th branchial arch deformity=4BAD)

19
Q

what noise is caused by vocal chord collapse and how would you treat

A

INSPIRATORY WHISTLE

vacalcordectomy (removal)

20
Q

what noise is caused by medial deviation of aryepiglottic folds and how would you treat

A

THICK INSPIRATORY NOISE

lazer resection of aryepiglottic folds to treat

21
Q

what causes epiglottic entrapment and how to treat

A

loose subepiglottic tissue wraps mover and entraps the epiglottic cartilage.

reapiratory noise, coughing while eating and poor excercise performance are clinical signs

transect loose tissue to treat

22
Q

what are the signs of sub epiglottic cysts and how would you treat

A

respiratory noise, dysphagia

lazer or snare excision to treat

23
Q

what are the signs of aryntenoid chondritis and how would you treat
(infection/inflammation of aryntenoid cartilage)

A

respiratory noise
obstruction
respiratory distress

antibiotics, aryntenoid reserection, aryntenoidectomy or tracheostomy to treat

MOD (fi) (9 decks)

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