Diseases of equine head and neck Flashcards
How could you diagnostically image the head
ENDOSCOPY RADIOGRAPHY SINOSCOPY CT Ultrasonography
what are the different forms of endoscopy
resting endoscopy
excercising endoscopy
dynamic respiratory endoscopy
what are common radiographic views of radiographs of the equine head
latero-lateral
lateral-oblique
dorsal-ventral (Assessment of paranasal sinuses, nasal septum and teeth)
what is the lateral-oblique view mainly used for
assess the periapical regions of the
cheek teeth for evidence of infection
what are other less commonly used radiographic angles
intra-oral (radiograph incisors)
Open mouth oblique
Tangential views
what are the 7 paired sinuses of the horse and their functional groups?
Rostral group:
rostral maxillary
ventral conchal
caudal group:
caudal maxillary frontal dorsal conchal ethmoid sphenopalatine
whats another way of exploring/monitoring the sinuses
sinoscopy
Easily performed under standing sedation
with local anaesthesia but more invasive than endoscopy
what is the gold standard in diagnosis of the equine head
CT scan
what are dental related problems commonly presented with
nasal discharge / respiratory noise / facial swellings / poor performance
name four causes of equine nasal disorders
Trauma –lacerations
Facial nerve paresis / paralysis
Nasal atheroma (cyst)
Alar fold collapse
what are the three conchae of the nasal passage
dorsal
middle
ventral
3 common causes of nasal trauma
Epistaxis
Kick / blunt trauma
Iatrogenic - trauma during nasogastric intubation / endoscopy (common)
how to avoid iatrogenic trauma
– Ensure tube placement in the VENTRAL meatus not middle meatus (more likely to traumatise ethmoturbinates) – Use a smooth tube – Lubricant on the end of the tube – Do not force the tube when you meet resistance
what is a progressive ethmoid haematoma and what are the sign
a locally invasive, encaspluated non metastasising mass within the nasal passage/sinuses
signs are intermittent epistaxis and facial swelling
what are the treatment options for PEH
within the nasal passage: intra-lesional formalin or lazer excision
within sinus: sinus flap surgery
(recurrence common)
what are the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae
enclosed cavity within nasal conchae
what are the common signs of paranasal sinus diseases
unilateral nasal discharge
facial swelling
facial deformity
reduced nasal airflow
how would you diagnose sinusitis
ENDOSCOPY
– Visualise purulent material coming from the
sinus drainage angle
• RADIOGRAPHY
– Fluid lines on lateral views
– Increased radiodensity in sinus(es) on DV views
– Poor sensitivity for identifying cause of
secondary sinusitis
• Computed tomography – Gold standard • differentiating Primary v’s Secondary sinusitis – Teeth • Greater sensitivity – Useful for pre-operative planning
what is the main cause of primary sinusitis and how would you treat
bacterial colonisation
(streptococcus spp most commonly)
Treat with one course of antibiotics
trimethoprin sulphonamides
most common cause of secondary sinusitis in horses is dental issues.
What teeth are in close proximity to the rostral/caudal maxillary sinuses?
08/09=rostral maxillary sinus
10/11=caudal maxillary sinus
treatment often means removal of tooth
what are common sinus neoplasia
– SCC
– Adenocarcinoma
– Fibro-osseous tumors
– Myxoma
