Tendon and Ligament Disease and Injury Flashcards
how much of a tendon/ligament is water?
55%
what are tenocytes?
specialized elongated fibroblasts that synthesize the extracellular matrix
what is the endotenon?
reticular network of connective tissue that surrounds each fiber
where are tendon sheaths typically located?
where a tendon makes an abrupt change in course: particularly over a joint
where are bursae located?
where tendons or ligaments pass over bony prominences
what is crimp?
undulating or wavy pattern of the collagen fibrils
in part responsible for elasticity of tendon
what is the ultimate tensile strength?
load at which tendon breaks
what are the clinical signs of a repetitive trauma?
pain
heat
swelling
when does the subacute/inflammatory stage of healing begin?
with onset of injury
what does immobilization help with in the subacute phase?
decreases pain
prevents additional injury
hastens dissipation of inflammatory mediators
what does mobilization help with with the muscles?
increases length of stride
increases hind limb propulsion
increases muscle tone
what is the main type of collagen in tendons and ligaments?
type I
where are rounded cells in tendons and ligaments more common?
damaged areas
more metabolically active
what is the paratenon?
loose areolar connective tissue
what is the epitenon?
connective tissue sheath containing the tendon’s vascular, lymphatic, and nerve supply that surrounds the whole tendon
what is the myotendinous junction?
interdigitation of muscle cell membranes with collagen fibers
what is the yield region of a tendon stretching?
irreversible lengthening: cross link rupture and slippage of collagen fibrils
elastic deformation ends and plastic deformation begins
what are the causes of pain with repetitive trauma to soft tissues?
matrix changes
vascular changes
tenocyte changes
biochemical changes
ion channel changes
how does cold therapy help in the inflammatory phase?
decreases enzymatic activity
reduces formation of inflammatory mediators
slows down nerve conduction
what does early mobilization help with with capsules and ligaments?
increase elasticity and tolerance for work
increase proprioception
increase control of movement
what does remodeling of a tendon do?
increases type I collagen and helps align fibrils more parallel
scar stronger but less functional
affected by controlled loading
how often does collagen turnover occur in a tendon?
about every 6 months
temperatures above _________ are known to result in fibroblast death in vitro
42.5 degrees celsius
what is released if anti-inflammatory therapy is not initiated in time during the subacute/inflammatory phase?
substantial release of proteolytic enzymes
where does reinjury often occur with a tendon injury?
adjacent to original injury where tissue mechanical properties differ
