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Telencephalon Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adult vesicles (parts of CNS) that arise from the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Certebral cortex

Subcortical white matter

Basal ganglia

Basal forebrain nuclei

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2
Q

3 types of white matter tracts

A

1) Association tracts:
- link cortical regions within the SAME cerebral hemisphere
- ex: right hemisphere parietal lobe -> right hemisphere occipital lobe

2) commissural tracts:
- link corresponding cortical regions between SEPARATE hemispheres
- ex: right hemisphere -> left hemisphere

3) Projection tracts:
- link cortical and subcortical regions from around the CNS
- Ex: cortex -> outside cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

A type of association tract

Connects the frontal and occipital lobes from the same hemisphere

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4
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

A type of association tract

Connects the frontal and temporal lobes of the same hemisphere

important for language function

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5
Q

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

A

A type of association tract

Connects the occipital and temporal lobes in the same hemisphere

important for visual recognition

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6
Q

Uncinate fasciculus

A

A type of association tract

Connects anterior and inferior parts of the frontal lobe with the temporal gyri of the same hemisphere

important for behavior regulation

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7
Q

Cingulum

A

A type of association tract

Connects frontal and parietal lobes with he parahippocampal and adjacent temporal gyri of the same hemisphere

  • important for emotion regulation*
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8
Q

Corpus callousum

A

A type of commissural tract

Connects both hemispheres of the brain and allows intercommunication

  • also gets help from the anterior/posterior commissures*
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9
Q

Hippocampus commissure (fornix)

A

A type of commissural tract

Aids in helping the hippocampus with communicating between the hypothalamus and the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Also aids in right-> left hippocampus communication (and vise versa)

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10
Q

Split-brain

A

A Clinical condition that occurs when the corpus callous is split in some way

The brain still functions normally but the hemispheres work autonomously between each other

Because of this, sight, motor and speech dont work in tandom

  • example: patient sees an object out of their left eye but cant name anything they see
  • example: patient cant see anything out of their right eye but can use their left hand
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11
Q

What hemisphere is language production found?

A

Left hemisphere

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12
Q

What hemisphere is visual and motor cortex found

A

Both sides but are crossed

ex: right motor and visual cortex functions the left eye and hand

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13
Q

Alexia without agraphia

A

A clinical condition that occurs when the splenium portion of the corpus callousum is damaged

Causes defects in understanding written material, but they can speak and write normally

this is caused because the visual processing center on the right cant communicate with the verbal processing and motor sections on the dominant left hemisphere

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14
Q

What hemisphere is verbal processing found in?

A

Left hemisphere is dominant

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15
Q

Corona radiata

A

A type of projection tract

Cerebral cortex communicates with subcortical regions

Condenses from the cerebral cortex into the internal capsule

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16
Q

What does the anterior limb of the internal capsule separate?

A

Caudate nucleus (medial) from the putamin and the Globus palatus

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17
Q

What does the posterior limb of the internal capsule separate?

A

Thalamus (medial) from the globus palltus and the putamin

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18
Q

What are the 3 broad subsections of the cerebral cortex?

A

1) Allocortex
- includes archicortex and Paleocortex

2) Mesocortex (Juxtallocortex)
3) Neocortex (Isocortex)

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19
Q

Allocortex contents

A

Has 3 histologically layers and 2 sub catagories

Archicortex

  • hippocampus
  • uncus of parahippocampus
  • dentate gyrus

Paleocortex
- olfactory (piriform) cortex

is largest in primitive species, but less in humans

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20
Q

Mesocortex contents

A

Is 3-5 histologically layers

Contains:

  • cingulate gyrus
  • all of parahippocampus except uncus
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • temporal pole
  • anterior insula
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21
Q

Neocortex contents

A

Has 6 histologically layers

Makes up everything else in the cerebral cortex not in the mesocortex or allocortex

most prominent in humans and less in primitive species

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22
Q

Overview of general limbic structures in the limbic system

A

Major cortical areas:

  • para-hippocampal gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
  • prefrontal cortex
  • temporal pole

Also includes the following

  • amygdala
  • septal nuclei
  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus formation
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23
Q

What is required for a structure to be considered a limbic structure?

A

Must either directly or indirectly communicate with the hypothalamus or midbrain Allocortex/mesocortex

24
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found in the neocortex?

A

Precentral gyrus to the central sulcus of the brain

- just anterior

25
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found in the neocortex?
Post-central gyrus to the central sulcus | - just posterior
26
Where is the primary visual cortex found in the neocortex?
On the occipital lobe (posterior region)
27
Where is the primary auditory cortex found in the neocortex?
On the occipital lobe near the center
28
Unimodal association areas
Are association tracts found through out the neocortex that function to carry out higher-order information processing as it pertains to 1 sense or motor modality
29
Heteromodal association areas
Are association tracts found through out the neocortex that function to carry out higher-order information processing as it pertains to multiple sense or motor modalities
30
Brodmann areas (BA)
A way to group different parts of the cerebral cortex based on functions
31
Frontal lobe
Contains the following limbic structures: - cingulate gyrus - posteromedial orbitofrontal cortex Contains prefrontal cortex (BA 9-12) Contains the following areas as well - primary motor area (M1/precentral gyrus/BA-4) - pre-motor area (supplementary motor/BA-6/ superior frontal gyri) - Broca’s area (inferior frontal gyri/ BA-44/45) - frontal eye field (pre-motor cortex/ BA-6/8)
32
What does the frontal eye fields (BA-6/8) do?
Control eye movements only
33
Broca’s area (BA-44/45) function
Found on frontal lobe on the inferior frontal gyrus Function is speech production and forming complete sentences properly Also plays a part in interpreting actions of others
34
2 divisions of the prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral region: - function is to overall management of cognitive processes (planning/working memory) Orbitofrontal-ventromedial region: - function is to aid in decision making *the whole prefrontal cortex is known for decision making and cognitive awareness/planning*
35
Inferior parietal lobule (BA-39/40)
Contains the Supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus Receives input from auditory and visual vortices Function is to perform complex perceptual discriminations and integrations * BA-39 = angular gyrus ; BA-40 = supramarginal gyrus*
36
Superior parietal lobule (BA-5/7)
Integrates sensory and motor functions Functions to build 3-D perceptions as well as programming complex motor functions w/ promotor cortex
37
Occipital lobe (BA 17-19) parts and functions
Primary visual areas: - cuneus gyrus (superior to calcarine sulcus) - Lingual gyrus (inferior to calcarine sulcus) Secondary visual areas: - rest of the occipital lobe
38
Temporal lobe functions and parts
Contains 3 main temporal gyri (Superior, middle, inferior) Superior: - primary auditory area/ transverse gyri of Heschl(BA-41) - auditory association (BA-42) Inferior: - perception still objects in visual fields in space Middle: - perception of moving objects in visual fields
39
Inferiotemporal cortex
Consist of the inferior temporal cortex and the occipital temporal gyri (fusiform) Is critical for face and shape recognition
40
Insula (BA-43/ gustatory cortex)
Center of the cerebral cortex which has convergence with temporal/partial and frontal cortices Associated with the following functions - reception and integration of taste - processing pain - reception of visceral sensations - vestibular functions
41
How is language processed
Requires transformation from wernicke’s area -> Broca’s area Via the lateral fissure (arcuate fasciculus) 1) wernickes area hears/comprehends the word 2) information understood from wernickes area then travels via the arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area 3) Broca’s area allows speech to form and in proper sentence structure * if reading is required, then information starts in the primary visual cortex and then travels via angular gyrus to wernickes area and continues form there*
42
Wernicke’s area (BA-22)
Found on the temporal and parietal lobe Function is to comprehend language meanings and map sounds to meanings *contains the lexicon (vocabulary storage areas)*
43
What are the two main artery supplies to the brain (before branching)?
Internal carotid - anterior circulation Vertebral - posterior circulation
44
Major branches of the ICA that play a part in supplying the telencephalon
Anterior cerebral artery - travels rostral through the inter hemispheric fissure Middle cerebral artery
45
What structures in the telencephalon are supplied from the anterior cerebral artery from the internal carotid artery?
The whole medial cerebral hemisphere except the occipital lobe Post central and precentral gyri (primary motor and somatosensory areas) Olfactory bulb and tracts Anterior hypothalamus Parts of: - caudate nucleus - internal capsule - putamen - septal nuclei
46
What does the anterior communicating artery specifically supply?
Anterior hypothalamus * this is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery*
47
What does the medial striate artery specifically supply?
Anteromedial head of the caudate nucleus Parts of the Internal capsule/putamen and septal nuclei
48
What structures in the telencephalon are supplied from the middle cerebral artery from the internal carotid artery?
Supplies the lateral convexity of the cerebral hemisphere. Includes - temporal - frontal - parietal - occipital - insula * note that once MCA reaches M2 division, it splits into inferior and superior branches, which while suppling all regions of the lateral cerebrum, each section does a little more to specific regions*
49
M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery
Runs laterally along the Sylvian fissure and then bifurcated into M2 segments Gives off lenticulostriate arteries *at the site of bifurcation, aneurysms in the middle cerebral artery are common*
50
M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery
Immediately free bifurcation and branches onto the insular cortex *occlusion here often results in gestation and viscero-sensory cognitive processing*
51
M3 segment of the middle cerebral artery
Run along the opercula of the frontal/parietal and temporal regions near the insula
52
M4 segment of the middle cerebral artery
Distal cortical branches form the superior and inferior divisions and supplies the lateral convexity
53
Differences between superior and inferior divisions of M2-M4
All supply the same regions, but each part does a little more to specific lobes Inferior: - supplies more temporal lobe and occipital lobe Superior: - supplies more frontal and parietal lobes
54
Calcarine artery
Runs in the calcarine sulcus and supplies the primary visual cortex *occlusion here results in primary visual defects and visual association defects*
55
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Runs along the lateral sulcus Drains the temporal lobe and empties into the cavernous sinuses
56
Superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
*largest superficial vein in the brain* Travels across the parietal lobe Function is to connect the superficial middle cerebral vein w/ superior sagittal sinus
57
Inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbe)
Travels across the temporal lobe Drains into the transverse sinus and functions to connect the superficial middle cerebral vein with the transverse sinus

Neurology (65 decks)

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