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Neurology > Anatomy Of Diencephalon > Flashcards

Anatomy Of Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Thalamus

A

Collection of approximately 120 nuclei that all function to process all sensory information (except olfaction) that goes to the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What is the landmark in the thalamus that divides the thalami nuclei into Groups

A

Internal medullary lamina

Divides into medial/lateral and anterior groups based on function

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3
Q

Ventral anterior (VA) nuclei group

A

A grouping that is part of the lateral nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Receives information from Globus pallidus/ basal nuclei and relays it to the motor cortex (BA-6)
- helps with relaying motor information

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4
Q

Ventral lateral (VL) nuclei group

A

A grouping that is part of the lateral nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Receives information from Globus pallidus/ basal nuclei and relays it to the precentral gyrus (BA-4)
- helps with relaying primary motor information

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5
Q

Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nuclei group

A

A grouping that is part of the lateral nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Receives information from spinal cord and relays it to the post central gyrus (BA-1)
- helps with relaying somatosensory information

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6
Q

Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei group

A

A grouping that is part of the lateral nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Receives information from spinal cord and relays it to the post central gyrus (BA-1)

  • helps with relaying somatosensory information
  • specifically cranial nerve inputs and taste*
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7
Q

Mediodorsal (MD) nuclei grouping

A

A grouping that is part of the medial nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Connects limbic pathway information to the frontal cortex, relaying information to be processed

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8
Q

Pulvinar nuclei grouping

A

A grouping that is part of the dorsal nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Relays behavioral orientation information to relevant visual/auditory stimuli

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9
Q

Lateral geniculate (LGN) nuclei grouping

A

A grouping that is part of the dorsal nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Relays visual inputs to the cortex to be processed

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10
Q

Medial geniculate nuclei (MGN) grouping

A

A grouping that is part of the dorsal nuclear group of thalamic nuclei

Relays auditory inputs to the cortex to be processed

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11
Q

Anterior nucleus group of the thalamus

A

Functions to relay limbic information to respective pathways to process.

Very crucial to behavioral patterns and mental health

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12
Q

Intralaminar thalamic nuclei

A

Lie within the internal medullary lamina

Receive inputs from numerous pathways including other basal nuclei And sends them to respective regions of the cortex

Has reciprocal connections with cortex so can relay from cortex -> other basal nuclei when needed

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13
Q

Reticular thalamic nuclei

A

Receives input from cortex and other thalamic nuclei

DOES NOT project to cortex, instead makes synoptic connections with other thalamic basal nuclei groupings

Regulates thalamic activity from its inputs via GABAergic neurons

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14
Q

Habenula

A

A nucleus in the epithalmaus

Functions to serves as a relay between the limbic system and hypothalamus -> midbrain functions

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15
Q

Pineal gland

A

no direct connections to the CNS

Part of the epithalamus

Receives neural input from sympathetic nervous system via the superior cervical ganglia

Functions to release hormones based on a circadian rhythm (light based)

  • melatonin
  • serotonin
  • NE
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16
Q

Subthalamus functions

A

Sub thalamic nuclei

  • maintains reciprocal connections within the globus pallidus
  • plays a role in regulating motor functions

also possesses zona incerta, but its function is not well understood

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17
Q

Medial hypothalamic area divisions and its respective nuclei

A

1) preotic area
- medial preotic nuclei

2) anterior (supraoptic) region
- anterior hypothalamic nuclei
- supraoptic nuclei
- paraventricular nuclei
- suprachiasmatic nuclei

3) middle (tuberal) region
- arcuate nuclei
- ventromedial nuclei
- dorsomedial nuclei

4) posterior (mammillary region)
- medial mammillary nuclei
- intermediate mammillary nuclei
- lateral mammillary nuclei
- posterior hypothalamic nuclei

18
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Controls the activity of almost all other hormone secreting glands

connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

2 divisions:

1) anterior (adenohypophysis)
- produces and releases = ACTH, GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin

2) posterior (neurohypophysis)
- produces and releases = oxytocin, ADH

19
Q

How does the pituitary receive blood?

A

From the inferior and superior hypophysial arteries from the ICA

20
Q

Hypophysial portal system

A

The capillary network in which the anterior pituitary horomones are released via inputs from the hypothalamus
- hypothalamus sends regulatory signals through here

21
Q

Median eminence

A

Location of the first capillary system from the hypophysial portal system

Send factors from the following nuclei into the anterior pituitary via the hypophysial portal veins

  • arcuate nucleus
  • periventricular nucleus
  • medial preoptic nucleus
  • paraventricular nucleus
22
Q

Pituitary Capillary plexus

A

2nd capillary plexus located within the anterior pituitary

Hormones releases from the anterior pituitary are sent into the 2nd capillary plexus (pituitary capillary plexus) and are drained into body via cavernous sinuses

23
Q

Does the posterior pituitary hormones get produced there?

A

NO, they are produced in the paraventicular and supraoptic nuclei

The hormones are then transported via axons to the posterior pituitary capillary plexus to be distributed throughout the body

24
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

A

Demonstrates the negative feedback loop that hormone organs have on each other

Example: release of CRH from the hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH -> goes to adrenal glands to secrete cortisol.

Once threshold concentrations are reached in the body for cortisol, cortisol then initiates negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop secreting CRH and ACTH respectively

25
Q

Hypothermic integrative functions

A

Regulation of cardiovascular processes

Temperature regulation

Feeding,drinking and sexual behavior

Aggression and rage

Biological rhythms

Sleep

26
Q

What are the 4 hypothermic nuclei that work to regulate cardiovascular processes?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus/area

Dorsomedial nucleus

Arcuate nucleus

27
Q

Anterior and preoptic nucleus functions with respect to temperature regulation

A

Contain groups of neurons within the hypothalamus that respond to changes in blood temperatures and pyrogen levels

If either gets too high, sends information to brainstem and spinal cord intimating vasodilation and perspiration

28
Q

Posterior nucleus functions with respect to temperature regulation

A

Contains groups of neurons within the hypothalamus that respond to decreases below normal body temperature

Act the same way as anterior and preoptic except instead the results are vasoconstriction, increased heart rates, shivering, and elevation of metabolic rates (conserve heat)

29
Q

What are major arterial branches supplying the diencephalon?

A

Posterior communicating

Anterior choroidal

both are branches from the ICA

30
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A

Arises at the level of the optic chiasm And travels posteriorly to join posterior cerebral arteries

Supplies the following:

  • hypophysis (pituitary)
  • infundibulum
  • parts of hypothalamus/thalamus/hippocampus
31
Q

Anterior Choroidal Artery

A

Arises near the optic chiasm

Supplies the following

  • choroid plexus in the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
  • optic tract
  • parts of internal capsule/hippocampus/globus pallidus/lateral portions of thalamus
32
Q

Thalamogeniculate artery branches

A

Arise from the posterior cerebral artery bilaterally

Supplies the medial surface of the thalamus and the walls of the 3rd ventricle

33
Q

Medial and lateral posterior choroidal arteries

A

Supply

  • choroid plexus in 3rd ventricle (tela choroidea)
  • choroid plexus
  • cerebral peduncle
  • fornix
  • thalamus
  • caudate nucleus
34
Q

Ventricles of the brain review

A 
Lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) 
- connected with and drains into 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramina (monro)

Third ventricle
- connected with and drains into the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (sylvius aqueduct)

Fourth ventricle

  • goes into subarachnoid recesses via the median aperture or lateral recesses
  • goes into the spinal cord via the central Canal
35
Q

Boundaries of the lateral ventricles

A

Frontal (anterior) horn

1) roof = corpus callousum
2) lateral wall = caudate nucleus
3) medial wall = septum pellucidum and the fornix

Body

1) floor = thalamus
2) lateral wall = caudate nucleus

Occipital (posterior) horn

1) lateral wall and roof = tapetum of corpus callousum
2) medial wall = forceps major of corpus callousum and the calcar avis
3) floor = collateral trigone

Temporal (inferior) horn

1) lateral wall = tail of the caudate nucleus
2) medial wall = hippocampal formation
3) rostral end = amygdala

36
Q

Third ventricle boundaries

A

Rostral = anterior commissure and lamina terminalis

Floor = optic chiasm and infundibulum

Caudal = Posterior commissure and pineal recesses

Roof = tela choroidea

37
Q

Boundaries of the 4th ventricle

A

Floor = flat and is called rhomboid fossa

Roof = tent shaped called fatigium and projects into the cerebellum

not actually surround by many structures

38
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Structures that are present in each ventricle and produces roughly 70% of total CSF
- the other 30% is secreted by parenchyma of brain

Lateral ventricles = on medial wall

3rd/4th ventricles = on roof

39
Q

What makes up the BBB?

A

Endothelial cells with very tight junctions

Capillary basement membranes

Astrocytes abutting processes (perivascular endfeet)

only allows carrier mediated transport (except CO2)

40
Q

What are the 7 circumventricular organs?

A

all are areas of the brain that lack a BBB

Area posterma

Pineal body

Sub commissural organ

Subfornical organ

Organum Vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Median eminence

Neurology (65 decks)

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