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Neurology > Introduction To Neurosensory > Flashcards

Introduction To Neurosensory Flashcards

1
Q

CNS broad overview

A

Contains the brain and spinal cord

is responsible for integrative and control centers and using information relayed from the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Sensory (Afferent) vs motor (efferent) Divisions

A

Sensory (afferent)

  • somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
  • relays information from the organs -> the brain

Motor (efferent)

  • motor nerve fibers
  • relays information from brain -> organs/ muscles
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3
Q

Motor (efferent) subdivisions

A

Automatic nervous system (ANS)

  • involuntary
  • conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac/smooth muscles and glands

Somatic nervous system

  • voluntary
  • conducts impulses from CNS to the skeletal muscles
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4
Q

General Anatomical differences of the ANS divisions

A

Sympathetic

  • origins of fibers: T1-T12
  • length of fibers: short preganglionic / long postganglionic
  • ganglia location: close to spinal cord

Parasympathetic

  • origin of fibers: cervical and sacral regions
  • length of fibers: long preganglionic / short postganglionic
  • ganglia location: in visceral effector organs
  • sympathetic innervates structures in the body wall and viscera. Parasympathetics only innervate viscera*
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5
Q

Gary vs white matter

A

Gray matter

  • contains neuron cell bodies
  • makes up the outer portion of the brain and inner portion fo the spinal cord
  • makes up the cortex and nucleus in the brain

White matter

  • contains mostly myelinated axons
  • makes up the outer portion of the spinal cord and inner portions of the brain
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6
Q

Terms synonymous with white matter

A

Nerve (PNS only)

Tracts (includes the following sub catagories)

  • bundles
  • capsules
  • fascicles
  • fasiciculus
  • lemniscus

Decussation: crossing of fiber tracts within the same hemisphere

Commissure: crossing of fiber tracts between hemispheres

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7
Q

Petal and fugal suffix meanings

A

Petal = describes tracts of fibers going toward from the designated structure

Fugal = describes tracts of fibers going away form the designated structures

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8
Q

Two descriptions of gray matter

A

Ganglia/ganglion = gray matter in the PNS
- exception is basal ganglia which is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS used for primary motor control

Nucleus/ nuclei = gray matter in the CNS

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9
Q

Posterior vs anterior nerve roots

A

Both are part of the PNS

Posterior (dorsal) root: contains the sensory (afferent) ganglia

Anterior (ventral) root: contains the motor (efferent) ganglia

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10
Q

Which are true and which are false cranial nerves?

A

True = 3-12

False = 1-2
- are called false since they are actually direct extensions fo the brain itself

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11
Q

Basic divisions of the CNS

A

Telencephalon
- contains the cerebral cortex and both brain hemispheres

Diencephalon
- contains the hypothalamus, pituitary, thalamus

Cerebellum
- contains the cerebrum

Brainstem
- connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the pons, medulla oblongata and the actual midbrain

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12
Q

Below midbrain vs above brainstem anatomical descriptions

A

Above midbrain

  • rostral (anterior)
  • dorsal (superior)
  • caudal (posterior)
  • ventral (inferior)

Below midbrain

  • rostral (superior)
  • dorsal (posterior)
  • ventral (anterior)
  • caudal (inferior)
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13
Q

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

A
  • Contains gyri (ridges) and sulci (valleys)
  • contains subcortical white matter include the internal capsule
  • contains basal nuclei for primary motor functions
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14
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

Directly ventral to the telencephalon

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15
Q

Thalamus primary functions

A

Primary relay center
- all sensory information from the PNS -> cerebral cortex must pass through the thalamus

Receives inputs pertaining to most bodily sensory information, static positioning in real time and tension in muscles/ tendons
- all information signals are at first choppy and unorganized

The thalamus then relays these signals to the cerebral cortex which functions to smooth out the signals into smooth purposeful movements

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16
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Visceromotor functions

Influences visceral centered in brainstem and spinal cord

Plays role in sexual behavior, feeding, hormonal output of the pituitary and body temperature regulation.

17
Q

What is the only sensory information that does NOT pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfactory

18
Q

What organ specific centers are found in the brain stem?

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular centers.

19
Q

Ventricle locations in the brain

A

1st and 2nd ventricle
- found on each side of the cerebral cortex (telencephalon)

3rd ventricle
- in the diencephalon and is connected with 1st/2nd

4th ventricle
- in the brainstem connected to the 3rd ventricle via the cerebral aquaduct

20
Q

Which true cranial nerve ganglia is NOT found in the brainstem?

A 
Accessory nerve (11) 
- this is found in the upper cervical spinal cord itself
21
Q

Cerebellum primary functions

A

Chief mover in the motor system

Serves top coordinate activity of individual muscle groups to produce smooth, purposeful, synergistic movements.

22
Q

3 primary functions of neurons

A

Impulse formation

Impulse conduction

Information processing

majority of neurons are multipolar

23
Q

Other types of neurons that are not multipolar

A

Unipolar

  • single process (axon)
  • no dendrite

Bipolar
- single dendrite and single axon

Pseudounipolar

  • single process (axon) that bifurcated into 2 processes (axons)
  • no dendrite
24
Q

Cells of the nervous system broad overview

A

CNS specific:

1) astrocytes
- help form BBB
- provide nutrients to CNS neurons

2) microglial cells
- immune cells of the CNS

3) oligodendrocytes
- myelinate CNS axons

4) ependymal cells
- make up the choroid plexus and price CSF

PNS specific:

1) Schwann cells
- myelinate PNS axons

2) Satellite cells
- provide nutrients to PNS axons

25
Q

Afferent and efferent in the CNS vs the PNS

A

PNS:

  • afferent = sensory
  • efferent = motor

CNS

  • afferent = axons moving towards a Structure
  • efferent = axons moving away from a structure
26
Q

Description terms of reflexes

A

Areflexia = lack of any reflex

Hyporeflexia = weakened reflex

Hyperreflexia = excessive reflex

27
Q

Ways pathways can differ from each other

A

1) type of information carried

2) length of a pathway
- both physical length and amount of synapses

3) chemical coding of pathways
4) type of neurotransmitter used
5) whether information reaches the conscious perception (cerebral cortex and thalamus) or not

28
Q

What does the term system mean in neuro sensory?

A

A series or group of neurons that all carry the same type fo information

29
Q

Difference between upper motor and lower motor neurons

A

Upper

  • project from the cerebral cortex -> spinal cord or brain stem
  • cell bodies are found in the cerebral cortex

Lower

  • project from brainstem of anterior horns of the spinal cord -> the target
  • cell bodies are found in anterior horns or brainstem motor nuclei
30
Q

Primary, secondary and tertiary neurons in somatosensory pathways

A

Primary:

  • detects stimulus
  • cell body in dorsal root ganglion

Secondary

  • acts as relay
  • cell body is in either spinal cord or brain stem

Tertiary

  • sends information from thalamus -> cerebral cortex
  • cell body is found in thalamus
31
Q

General rules surround localized neuro sensory damage

A

1) Defects on the same side of the head and body
- lesion is likely in the cerebral hemisphere

2) Defects on one side of the head and opposite side of the body
- lesion is likely in brain stem
- called “ crosses deficits”

3) Defects of the body only with normal head function
- lesion is likely in the spinal cord

  • there are exceptions but >90% follow this*

Neurology (65 decks)

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