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Telencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomically, R and L cerebral hemispheres are

A

Equivalent

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2
Q

Pallium

A

Outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Centrum semiovale

A

Underlying mass of white fibers

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4
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Deep within white matter; collections of neuron cell bodies

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5
Q

Lobes are named for

A

Overlying bones

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6
Q

Largest lobe

A

Frontal lobe

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7
Q

Smallest lobe

A

Occipital lobe

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8
Q

Functions of telencephalon

A
  1. Final integration of neural mechanisms
  2. Initiation center for voluntary actions
  3. Memory and associative memory
  4. Abstract thinking - basis of emotional response
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9
Q

Thickest part of cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

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10
Q

Thinnest part of cortex

A

Calcarine sulcus

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11
Q

Subdivisions of cortex

A

Neocortex

Allocortex

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12
Q

Neocortex

A

Phylogenetically new

Occupies 90% of cortex

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13
Q

6 Laminae of neocortex

A
  1. Molecular lamina I
  2. External granular lamina II
  3. External pyramidal lamina III
  4. Internal granular lamina IV
  5. Internal pyramidal lamina V
  6. Multiform lamina VI
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14
Q

Molecular layer

Lamina I

A 
Outermost lamina (nearest pia mater)
Filled with synaptic activity
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15
Q

External granular layer

Lamina II

A

Small, closely packed granular neurons
Axons extend into deeper lamina of same cortex (does not reach white matter)

Aka Intracortical Association Layer

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16
Q

External pyramidal layer

Lamina III

A

Small pyramidal neuron cell bodies
Axons extend out of cortex to white matter, then return to gray

Aka Intercortical Association Layer

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17
Q

External granular layer + external pyramidal layer

A

Thinking part of cortex

Associative Cortex

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18
Q

Internal granular layer

Lamina IV

A

Thalamic inputs arrive here

Well developed in sensory areas

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19
Q

Internal pyramidal layer

Lamina V

A

Large pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies (includes Betz cells)
Axons project to other brain and cord centers from here (corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers)

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20
Q

Multiform layer

Lamina VI

A

Mix of incoming and outgoing fibers

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21
Q

Lamina V + lamina VI

A

Projection laminae

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22
Q

Brodmann Area #4 confined to

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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23
Q

Brodmann Area #4

Function

A

Voluntary motor initiation, especially in distal extremities, facial and oral musculature

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24
Q

Only area to contain Betz cells

A

Brodmann area #4

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25
Q

Brodmann area #4 has well developed ___ laminae

A

Projection

V and VI

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26
Q

No other single area contributes more fibers to pyramidal system than the

A

Precentral gyrus

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27
Q

Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3

Location

A

Post central gyrus of parietal lobe

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28
Q

Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3

Function

A 
Somesthetic cortex (body sensing)
Pain, thermal, deep and light touch, vibratory, kinesthetic input received and integrated into conscious sensation
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29
Q

Specific thalamic efferent from __ and ___ are abundant in areas 1, 2, 3

A

VPL

VPM

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30
Q

Lamina __ is well developed in areas 1,2,3

A

IV

Also projection cortex; V, VI

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31
Q

Areas 6 and 8

Location

A

Just in front of area #4

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32
Q

Areas 6 and 8 also referred to as

A

Premotor regions

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33
Q

Areas 6 and 8 are good ___ and contribute fibers directly and indirectly to pyramidal system

A

Motor initiation centers

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34
Q

Area #6

Function

A

Influence on proximal portions of extremities (hips and shoulders)

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35
Q

Area #8

Function

A

Initiates voluntary movements of eyes

Fibers from #8 stimulate LMN that move 6 extraocular eye muscles

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36
Q

Location of LMN that move extraocular eye muscles

A

Nuclei of CN III, IV, VI

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37
Q

Areas 9, 10, 11, 12 known as

A

Prefrontal region

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38
Q

Newest of neopallial structures

A

Areas 9, 10, 11, 12

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39
Q

Areas 9, 10, 11, 12 have highly developed ___ and associative input arrives from all cortical regions

A

Associative cortex (lamina II, III)

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40
Q

Areas 9, 10, 11, 12

Function

A

Elaboration of thought
Abstract reasoning
Imagination
Emotions

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41
Q

Area #44 also referred to as

A

Broca’s Speech Area

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42
Q

Area #44 location

A

Frontal operculum along lateral inferior surface of frontal lobe

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43
Q

Broca’s Speech Area

Function

A

Motor speech center

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44
Q

Area #44 directs area #4 neurons that initiate

A

Tongue, laryngeal, and pharyngeal musculature in process of speaking

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45
Q

Frequently affected in strokes due to middle cerebral artery

A

Area #44

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46
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking, or signs

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47
Q

Damage to Broca’s area results in

A

Motor aphasia

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48
Q

Dysphasia

A

Partial or unusual loss of communicative ability

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49
Q

Speech is dominant on __ side of brain

A

Left

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50
Q

If area 44 is damaged on non-dominant side, patient will have difficulty with…

A

Prosodic language

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51
Q

Areas 17, 18,19 occupy

A

Bulk of cortex in occipital lobe

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52
Q

Areas 17,18,19 collectively make up

A

Visual cortex

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53
Q

Area 17 located along

A

Calcarine sulcus

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54
Q

Area 17 receives fiber input from

A

Lateral geniculate body

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55
Q

Area 17 is..

A

Primary visual cortex

56
Q

Number 17 also called ____ due to white band running through Lamina IV

A

Striate cortex

57
Q

We “see” in area __

A

17

*includes perception of motion, illumination, transparency

58
Q

Areas 18 and 19 integrate and store ___

A

Visual memories

Help recognize what we see

59
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Difficulty remembering/recognizing faces

60
Q

Area 41 is the

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

61
Q

Area 41 located within

A

Superior temporal gyrus, especially along Heschl’s gyrus/ transverse temporal gyrus

62
Q

Area 41 receives input from

A

Medial geniculate bodies

63
Q

We “hear” in area

A

41

*includes pitch, tone, loudness

64
Q

Wernicke’s area

65
Q

___ surrounds area 41

A

Wernicke’s area

66
Q

Wernicke’s area primarily known for its

A

Hearing memory function
Importance in speech
Syntax
Grammar

67
Q

Light striking medial side of retina comes from ___

A

Lateral field of vision

68
Q

Optic chiasm segregates

A

Visual field

69
Q

Left field of vision goes to

A

Right side of brain

70
Q

Right field of vision goes to

A

Left side of brain

71
Q

Damage to optic chiasm would result in

A

Loss of peripheral vision

72
Q

Areas 5,7,39,40 fill bulk of

A

Parietal lobe

73
Q

Areas 5,7,39,40 function

A

Reading
Writing
Language

74
Q

Area 39 located in

A

Angular gyrus

75
Q

Lesion in area 39 could result in

A

Alexia

Agraphia

76
Q

Alexia

A

Deficiency in reading

77
Q

Agraphia

A

Deficiency in writing

78
Q

Connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s area

A

Arcuate fasciculus

79
Q

Area 43 function

A

Gustatory center

80
Q

Area 43 located in

A

Parietal operculum

81
Q

Interpretation of olfaction occurs in

A

Area 34 in the uncus

Area 28 in parahippacampal gyrus

82
Q

Functions typically lateralized to left

A 
Speech
Vocabulary 
Grammar
Linear reasoning 
Tool use
83
Q

Functions typically lateralized to right

A

Singing
Spatial manipulations
Prosodic language

84
Q

Caudate nucleus + putamen nucleus

A

Neostraitum

85
Q

Caudate nucleus + putamen nucleus + globus pallidus

A

Corpus striatum

86
Q

Caudate nucleus + putamen nucleus + globus pallidus + amygdaloid complex

A

Basal ganglia

87
Q

Putamen + globus pallidus

A

Lenticular nucleus

88
Q

Thickness of cortex varies between

A

1.5-4.5 mm

89
Q

Parts of caudate nucleus

A

Head
Body
Tail

90
Q

Head region of caudate nucleus continuous with

A

Putamen nucleus

Via gray matter bridges

91
Q

Caudate efferent output fibers

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Thalamus

92
Q

Most lateral of corpus striatal nuclei

A

Putamen nucleus

93
Q

Efferent output fibers of putamen nucleus

A

Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Thalamus
Caudate

94
Q

Medial medullary lamina separates

A

Globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments

95
Q

Lateral medullary lamina separates

A

Lateral part of globus pallidus from putamen

96
Q

Afferent fibers of globus pallidus AKA

A

Pallidal fibers

97
Q

Afferent fibers from globus pallidus include

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus

98
Q

Efferent fibers from globus pallidus AKA

A

Pallidalfugal fibers

**represent primary efferent outflow from corpus striatum

99
Q

Most efferent fibers from globus pallidus go to

A

Anterior aspect of thalamus

100
Q

Amygdala location

A

Temporal lobe

101
Q

Amygdala inputs

A

Olfactory tract
Hypothalamus
Neocortex

102
Q

Amygdala considered to be part of

A

Limbic system (emotions)

103
Q

Amygdaloid activity is associated with

A

Increased inhibition

104
Q

Amygdaloid must be intact to

A

Sense fear or anger

105
Q

Basal ganglia plays key role in

A

Extrapyramidal system

106
Q

Basal ganglia contributes to brain’s ability to

A

Inhibit pain

107
Q

3 fibers types in white matter

A
  1. Projection
  2. Commissural
  3. Association
108
Q

Most projection axons travel in

A

Corona radiata and internal capsule

109
Q

Commissural axons

A

Connect equivalent structures on opposite hemispheres

110
Q

Corpus callosum contains approximately how many neurons

A

300 million

111
Q

Found only in placental mammals

A

Corpus callosum

112
Q

Parts included in corpus callosum

A 
Splenium
Body
Genu
Rostrum
Forceps anticus
Forceps posticus
Tapetum
113
Q

Variable part of basal ganglia

114
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

Graceful involuntary movements due to GABA deficiency

115
Q

Ballism/ Hemiballism

A

Violent movement

Lesions in subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus

116
Q

Head region is continuous with putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges

A

Caudate nucleus

117
Q

Most lateral of corpus straital nuclei

118
Q

Putamen stores dopamine in

A

Nigrostriatal axon telodendria

119
Q

Globus pallidus is separated into medial and lateral segments by

A

Medial medullary lamina

120
Q

Lateral part of globus pallidus is separated from putamen by

A

Lateral medullary lamina

121
Q

Afferent fibers of globus pallidus

A

Pallidal fibers

122
Q

Efferent fibers of globus pallidus

A

Pallidalfugal fibers

123
Q

Pallidalfugal fibers represent…

A

Primary efferent outflow from corpus striatum

124
Q

Most pallidalfugal fibers go to

A

Anterior aspect of thalamus

125
Q

Inputs to amygdala are from

A

Olfactory tract

126
Q

Amygdala considered to be part of

A

Limbic system

127
Q

Amygdaloid activity associated with

A

Increased inhibition

128
Q

Amygdaloid must be intact to sense

A

Fear and anger

129
Q

Basal ganglia play a key role in __ and __

A

Extrapyramidal system

Brain’s ability to inhibit pain

130
Q

Fiber types in centrum semiovale

A

Projection
Commissural
Association

131
Q

Most projection axons of centrum semiovale travel to __ and ___

A

Corona radiata

Internal capsule

132
Q

Corpus callosum contains ___ neurons

A

300 million

133
Q

__ found only in placental mammals

A

Corpus callosum

134
Q

Largest commissural axon

A

Corpus callosum

135
Q

Parts of corpus callosum

A

Splenium, body, Genu, rostrum, forceps anticus, forceps posticus, tapetum

CNS (9 decks)

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