Telecommunications & Networks

Question 1

Telecommunications

Answer 1

Electronic transmission of signals for communications

Question 2

Telecommunications medium

Answer 2

Any material substance that carries an electronic signal to support communications between a sending and receiving device

Question 3

Networking protocol

Answer 3

Set of rules, algorithms, messages, and other mechanisms that enable software and hardware in networked devices to communicate effectively

Question 4

Synchronous communications

Answer 4

Receiver gets message instantaneously (Phone call, Instant message like WhatsApp, Facebook)

Question 5

Asynchronous communications

Answer 5

Receiver gets message after some delay (walkie-talkie, email, sms)

Question 6

Simplex channel

Answer 6

Transmits data in only one direction (Example TV stations transmit signals to viewers, who receive the content but can’t send information back through the same channel.)

Question 7

Half-duplex channel

Answer 7

Transmits data in either direction, but not simultaneously (Example Walkie Talkie, can’t talk together, have to wait until one person finishes talking)

Question 8

Full-duplex channel

Answer 8

Permits data transmission in both directions at the same time (Mobile phones during a regular phone call operate in full-duplex mode. You can speak and listen at the same time, allowing for a natural conversation. )

Question 9

Channel bandwidth

Answer 9

Rate at which data is exchanged

Question 10

Circuit switching network

(For Sending Voice Only)

Answer 10

Sets up a circuit between the sender and receiver before any communications can occur (initially developed for voice communications)

This Is Known As Connection oriented

Question 11

Packet switching network

(For Sending Data Only)

Answer 11

-No fixed path is created between the communicating devices (initially developed for data communications)
-Connectionless
-Will Be Faster & Cheaper
-Routes data packets from source to destination

Packet switching network have no guarantee that all data sent will be received everything, 1or 2 might lose

Question 12

Guided transmission media types:
-Twisted Wire Pair
-Coaxial cable
-Fiber-optic Cable

Answer 12

Twisted-pair wire:
Classified by category: category 2, 3, 5, 5E, and 6
Coaxial cable:
Offers cleaner and crisper data transmission (less noise) than twisted-pair wire
Fiber-optic cable:
Transmits signals with light beams

Check at powerpoint 3 slide 13 for more info

Question 13

Short Range Wireless Options

Answer 13

1.Near field communication (NFC) –
2.Bluetooth
3.Ultra wideband (UWB)
4.Infrared transmission
5.Zigbee

Question 14

Medium-Range Wireless Options

Answer 14

1.Wi-Fi:
Wireless telecommunications technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance

2.Wireless access point:
-Consists of a transmitter with an antenna
-Receives the signal and decodes it

3.Wi-Fi access points(a form of wireless access point):
Have maximum range of about 300 feet outdoors and 100 feet within a dry-walled building

Question 15

Wide Area Wireless Network Types

Answer 15

2.Wireless mesh:
Uses multiple Wi-Fi access points to link a series of interconnected local area networks

Question 16

Computer Network

Answer 16

-Consists of communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems or devices

-Can transmit and receive information to improve organizational effectiveness and efficiency

Question 17

Network Types

Answer 17

1.Personal area networks:
-Support interconnection of information technology within a range of about 33 feet

2.Local area networks:
-Connect computer systems and devices within a small area (e.g., office or home)

3.Metropolitan area networks:
-Connect users and their devices in a geographical area that spans a city

4.Wide area networks:
-Connect large geographic regions

1. Personal area networks: Example Hotspot (It Doesn’t Support Far Range Or Many Devices) Because It Only Connects Short Range
2. Local area networks: WIFI Network At Home (Networks Can Only Communicate Within the home/ within the office (one to one))
3. Metropolitan area networks: Will Cover A City Size
4. Wide area networks: Wider area

Question 18

Basic Processing Alternatives

Answer 18

Centralized processing (Maintain Absolute Control):
All processing occurs in a single location or facility

Decentralized processing:
Processing devices are placed at various remote locations (independent)

Distributed processing:
Processing devices are placed at remote locations but are connected to each other via a network (a decision maker decides where to process)

File server systems(like shared folders on a network):
Users can share data through file server computing

Question 19

Telecommunications Hardware

Answer 19

2.Modems:
Modulation(from digital to analog) /demodulation(from analog to digital) devices

3.Multiplexers:
Combine data from multiple data sources into a single output signal that carries multiple channels

4.Private branch exchange (PBX): (Almost Same As Intercomm)
-Telephone switching exchange that serves a single organization
-Must Have Lines

This is not only stops here but continues next

Question 20

Telecommunications Hardware
1. Switch(Hub)

Answer 20

-They are the key building blocks for any network.

-They connect multiple devices, such as computers,wireless access points, printers, and servers; on the same network within a building.

-A switch enables connected devices to share information and talk to each other.

-Switches facilitate the sharing of resources by connecting all the devices, including computers, printers, and servers.

-with the switch, these connected devices can share information and talk to each other, regardless of where they are in a building.

-Building a business network is not possible without switches to tie devices together.

Short Key Point:

1. Connecting devices
   2.Sharing Information
   3.Efficient Communication
   4.Resource sharing
   5.Network Expansion

This is not only stops here but continues next

Question 21

Telecommunications Hardware
2.Router(Bridge):

Answer 21

-Routers connect computers & other devices to the internet

-Has the ability to forward IP packets(a package of data with an IP address) from one network to another

-Acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best route for the information to travel

-It connects user’s network to the world

-Protects information from security threats

-Decides which computers get priority over others

-Routers guide & direct network data

-Routers chooses the best route to use for each transmission

-Just as a switch connects multiple devices to create a network, a router connects multiple switches, and their respective networks, to form an even larger network.

-These networks may be in a single location or across multiple locations.

-When building a business network, you will need one or more routers.

-In addition to connecting multiple networks together, the router also allows networked devices and multiple users to access the Internet.

-A router works as a dispatcher, directing traffic and choosing the most efficient route for information, in the form of data packets, to travel across a network.

-A router connects your network to the world, protects information from security threats, and even decides which devices have priority over others.

Question 22

Telecommunications Software

Answer 22

-Network operating system (NOS):
Systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network

-Network management software:
Locates telecommunications errors and potential network problems

Question 23

1.Network Operating System

2.Network management software

Answer 23

1. Systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network

2.Locates telecommunications errors and potential network problems

Question 24

1. Encryption
2. Encryption Key

Answer 24

1.Converting an original message into a form that can only be understood by the intended receiver

2.Variable value that is applied (using an algorithm) to a set of unencrypted text to produce encrypted text or to decrypt encrypted text

Question 25

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Answer 25

Private network that uses a public network (usually the Internet) to connect multiple remote locations

Provides network connectivity over a potentially long physical distance

Supports secure, encrypted connections between a company’s private network and remote users

Question 26

Global Positioning System

Answer 26

Global navigation satellite system that uses two dozen satellites roughly 11,000 miles above the earth

GPS receivers:
Have become as small as a cell phone and are relatively inexpensive
Are commonly found in automobiles, boats, planes, laptop computers, and cell phones

GPS tracking technology:
Has become the standard by which fleet managers monitor the movement of their cars