TECTONICS

Question 1

TECTONIC HAZARDS - WHAT ARE THEY ???

Answer 1

EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
PLUS SECONDARY HAZARDS
SUCH AS TSUNAMI

Question 2

CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER ??

Answer 2

SEISMIC OR VOLCANIC

Question 3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUITON OF TECTONIC HAZARDS - EARTHQUAKES

Answer 3

FAR FROM RANDOM !

MAIN EARTHQUAKE ZONES FOUND ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES.

ABOUT 70% OF ALL EARTHQUAKES ARE FOUND IN THE “RING OF FIRE” IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

Question 4

SEISMIC HAZARDS - DESCRIBE ??

Answer 4

GENERATED WHEN ROCKS WITHIN 700 KM OF THE EARTHS SURFACE COME UNDER SUCH STRESS THAT THEY BREAK AND BECOME DISPLACED

Question 5

VOLCANIC HAZARDS - DESCRIBE ??

Answer 5

ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTUAL ERUPTION EVENTS

Question 6

VOLCANO - WHAT IS THIS ??

Answer 6

A LANDFORD THAT DEVELOPS AROUND A WEAKNESS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST FROM WHICH MOLTEN MAGMA, DISRUPTED FROM PRE-EXISTING VOLCANIC ROCK AND GASES ARE EJECTED OR EXTRUDED

Question 7

INTRA PLATE EARTHQUAKES

Answer 7

OCCUR IN THE MIDDLE OR INTERIOR OF TECTONIC PLATES AND ARE MUCH RARER THAN BOUNDARY EARTHQUAKES

Question 8

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF TECTONICS HAZARDS : VOLCANOES

Answer 8

THE VIOLENCE OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS DETERMINED BY

THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED GASES IN THE MAGMA AND HOW EASILY THE GASES CAN ESCAPE

ABOUT 500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES THROUOUT THE WORLD

ON AVERAGE AROUND 50 ERUPT EACH YEAR

Question 9

PLATE BOUNDARY - 3 TYPES

Answer 9

DIVERGENT
CONVERGENT
CONSERVATIVE

Question 10

PLATE TECTONICS - WHAT IS THIS ??

Answer 10

A THEORY DEVELOPED > 60 YEARS AGO TO EXPLAIN THE LARGE-SCALE MOVEMENTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE (OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE EARTH)

Question 11

LITHOSPHERE - WHAT IS THIS ??

Answer 11

OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE EARTH

Question 12

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY - DESCRIBE

Answer 12

CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS

MOST CLEARLY DISPLAYED AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES.

LARGE NUMBERS OF SHALLOW FORCES

GENERALLY LOW MAGNITUDE

MOST ARE SUBMARINE(UNDER THE SEA)

Question 13

CONVERGENT PLATES - DESCRIBE

Answer 13

PLATES MOVE TOGETHER

ACTIVELY DEFORMING COLLISION LOCATIONS WITH PLATE MATERIAL MELTING THE MANTLE,

CAUSING FREQUENT EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES

Question 14

CONSERVATIVE PLATES - DESCRIBE

Answer 14

OBLIQUE-SLIP,SLIDING OR TRANSFORM

MARGINS WHERE ONE PLATE SLIDES AGAINST ANOTHER

RELATIVE MOVEMENT IS HORIZONTAL AND CLASSIFIED AS EITHER
SINISTRAL (TO THE LEFT)
OR
DEXTRAL (TO THE RIGHT)

LITHOSPHERE IS NEITHER CREATED NOR SUBDUCTED

DO NOT RESULT IN VOLCANIC ACTIVIITY

THEY ARE THE SITES OF EXTENSIVE SHALLOW FOCUS EARTHQUAKES
OCCASIONALLY OF CONSIDERABLE MAGNITUDE

Question 15

CONTINENTAL INTERIORS

Answer 15

SCATTERED EARTHQUAKES

ALONG OLD FAULT LINES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REACTIVATION OF THIS WEAKNESS EG CHURCH STRETTON FAULT IN SHROPSHIRE

Question 16

EARTHQUAKES -

Answer 16

ARE A COMMON HAZARD

PRIMARY HAZARDS (GROUND MOVEMENT AND GROUND SHAKING)

SECONDARY HAZARDS LIKE LANDSLIDES AND TSUNAMIS CAN BE DEVELOP FROM THE EARTHQUAKE

CAN DEVELOP INTO A DISASTER ESPECIALLY WHEN THE EARTHQUAKES HAVE BOTH -

HIGH MAGNITUDE AND
OCCUR IN DENSELY POPULATED AREAS

Question 17

WAYS OF PLATES MOVEMENT - X3

Answer 17

PULL AWAY FROM EACH OTHER

SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER

CRUNCH INTO EACH OTHER

Question 18

PLATE MOVEMENT AND EARTHQUAKE TYPE

WAYS OF MOVEMENT - X3

Answer 18

PULL AWAY FROM EACH OTHER

SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER

CRUNCH INTO EACH OTHER

Question 19

PLATE MOVEMENT AND EARTHQUAKE TYPE

WAYS OF MOVEMENT - X3

Answer 19

PULL AWAY FROM EACH OTHER ( DIVERGENT)

SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER (COVERGENT)

CRUNCH INTO EACH OTHER (CONSERVATIVE)

Question 20

DIVERGENT PLATES (MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER )

IMPACTS ??

Answer 20

DIVERGENT “SPREADING RIDGES” IN THE OCEANS

NEW OCEANIC CRUST = THINNER AND DENSER THAN THE CONTINENTAL CRUST IS CREATED.

FREQUENT SMALL EARTHQUAKES

TYPICALLY LOW HAZARD RISK, AS OCEAN BASED

DO NOT TYPICALLY TRIGGER TSUNAMIS

Question 21

SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER

Answer 21

PRESENTS MORE RISK
SAN ANDREAS FAULT, CALIFORNIA
PACIFIC PLATE (MOVING NORTH)
ZONE OF FRICTION
AGAINST THE NORTH ATLANTIC PLATE  (MOVING NORTH ALSO BUT AT A DIFFERENT SPEED )

Question 22

CRUNCH INTO EACH OTHER OR MOVING TOWARDS EACH OTHER (SUBDUCTION)

Answer 22

GENERATES THE LARGEST AND MOST DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES AND CAUSES THE EMERGENCE OF MOUNTAINS/MOUNTAIN RANGES LIKE THE HIMALAYAS AND

The friction of the movement can also melt rocks and produce volcanoes.
This is also part of the rock cycle, because the plate that dives under the other one becomes part of the mantle and emerges much later from volcanoes and in seafloor spreading.

sometimes bends the other down into a deep seafloor trench.

Question 23

DESTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARIES - WHAT HAPPENS HERE ??

Answer 23

Sometimes called convergent or tensional plate margin.

Occurs when oceanic and continental plates move together.

The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate.

Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes.

Question 24

CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARIES - WHAT HAPPENS HERE ??

Answer 24

SOMETIMES CALLED DIVERGENT PLATE MARGIN

AT OCEANIC RIDGES AND FORMS young fold mountains, rift valleys, ocean ridges, deep sea trenches and island arcs