Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level Geography > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

How thick is the crust?

A

5-70km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How thick is the lithosphere?

A

100km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How thick is the mantle?

A

2900km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How thick is the outer core?

A

2250km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How thick is the inner core?

A

1200km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe oceanic crust

A

Dense, thin (6-10km), forms ocean floors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe continental crust

A

Less dense, thick (45-50km), makes up land mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the mantle

A

The upper mantle is solid, which along with crust makes up the lithosphere. Below is semi-molten rock which forms the asthenosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the outer core

A

Semi-molten, mostly liquid iron and nickel, 4500-6000°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the inner core

A

Solid centre, mostly iron, 6000°C at hottest point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many tectonic plates are there?

A

7 major and 7 minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 types of plate boundaries?

A

Divergent (constructive)
Convergent (destructive)
Convergent (collision)
Conservative (transform)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is formed at a divergent plate boundary?

A

-Submarine (underwater) volcanoes
-Shield volcanoes
-Mild, shallow earthquakes
-Mid-ocean ridge chains with transform faults
-Rift valleys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do major earthquakes occur at convergent margins?

A

Constant subduction of oceanic crust causing friction. Friction causes pressure to build and the pressure is released in the form of a megathrust earthquake up to 9.0M in the Benioff zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the lava at a divergent (constructive)
sheild volcano?

A

Basaltic- runny, thin, low in silica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the lava at a convergent (destructive)
composite volcano?

A

Andesitic- thick, sticky, gas + silica filled
(made of crust)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At convergent (destructive) boundaries, why are there explosive volcanoes?

A

Magma pushes through faults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At convergent (destructive) plate boundaries, what 2 other features are formed?

A

Ocean trenches + fold mountains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens at convergent (collision) plate boundaries?

A

There is a subduction of the slightly denser plate, creating a thrust fault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is formed/occurs at convergent (collision) plate boundaries between 2 oceanic plates?

A

Deep ocean trenches, submarine volcanoes, shallow-deep focus earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is formed/occurs at convergent (collision) plate boundaries between 2 continental plates?

A

High fold mountains and shallow focus earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens at a conservative (transform) plate boundaries? Give an eg

A

No volcanoes, but plates slide past each other and stick, creating high pressure and resulting in a powerful, shallow-focus earthquake.
Eg: LA 1994 6.7M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are 70% of the world’s earthquakes and 75% of the world’s volcanoes located?

A

The pacific ring of fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does intra-plate tectonic activity occur?

A

In the middle of plates, not on the boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why do intra-plate earthquakes occur and give an example

A

Old fault lines (oceanic/continental fracture zones) have a weakness that is reactivated
Shropshire 2012

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give 2 stats about the 2012 Shropshire intra-plate earthquake

A

Magnitude 2.5
None were injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why do intra-plate volcanoes occur and give an example

A

There is a stationary hot spot on the top of a mantle plume, located at the outer-core, lower-mantle boundary. The plate moves over the hotspot causing a volcano. Volcanic activity ceases + cools as the lithosphere moves. Eg- The hawaiian islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of volcanoes formed the Hawaiian islands?

A

Shield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 4 main processes that plate movement is driven by

A
  1. Convection currents
  2. Sea floor spreading
  3. Subduction
  4. Slab pull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

At what plate boundaries do convection currents occur?

A

Divergent + convergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who posed the plate movement theory of convection currents?

A

McKenzie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the theory of convection currents work in 3 steps?

A
  1. Radioactive decay in the core produces heat which heats the lower mantle
  2. The liquid magma in the lower mantle moves in convection currents in the asthenosphere
  3. These convection currents cause plate movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

At what plate boundary does sea floor spreading occur?

A

Divergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who posed the plate movement theory of sea floor spreading, and who backed this up via paleomagnetism?

A

Harry Hess, backed up by Vine & Mathews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does the theory of sea floor spreading work?

A

Magma is forced up from the asthenosphere and creates new oceanic crust and mid-ocean ridges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is paleomagnetism evidence of sea floor spreading?

A

The earth’s magnetic field changes every 400,000 years and the solidified minerals in the new crust line up with the earth’s magnetic field in a symmetrical pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

As new crust is created, what is the process that melts crust and where does this occur?

A

Subduction- destructive plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is now seen as the driving force for plate movement and at what plate boundary does this occur?

A

Slab pull- destructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens in the plate tectonic theory, ‘slab pull’?

A

Oceanic material (formed at mid-ocean ridge) becomes denser and thicker as it cools so slides into the mantle, pulling the plate down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the Wilson cycle?

A

Cycle of divergent + convergent plate boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the elastic rebound theory?

A

Stresses in the earth create a locked fault but the frictional resistance is greater than the fault
The stresses eventually build up and are greater than the force of friction so are released as an earthquake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 3 types of waves in an earthquake?

A

Primary (P-waves)
Secondary (S-waves)
Love (L-waves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of wave are primary and secondary waves?

A

Body waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What type of waves are love waves?

A

Surface waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What else are P+S waves called?

A

Pressure waves and shear waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Rank the 3 types of waves from fastest to slowest:

A

Primary is the fastest, then secondary and love is the slowest and last to arrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Do P waves and S waves travel through solids and liquids?

A

Both travel through solid
Only P waves travel through liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Rank the 3 types of waves from most to least damaging:

A

Most damaging is love as all energy is focused on the Earth’s surface, then secondary, then primary is the least damaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How do P-waves shake the ground?

A

Backwards and forwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How do S-waves shake the ground?

A

Sideways, at right angle to the direction of energy travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How do L-waves shake the ground?

A

Side to side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the 2 physical primary impacts of earthquakes?

A

Ground shaking and crustal fracturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the 2 secondary impacts of earthquakes?

A

Liquefaction and landslides- aftershocks can also occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What happens during ground shaking?

A

Infrastructure collapses and injured nearby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happens at crustal fracturing?

A

Energy from the earthquake causes the crust to crack and leave gaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What happens at liquefaction?

A

Shaking causes the surface rocks to lose strength and become more liquid, so sink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why are landslides (or avalanches) caused?

A

Shaking places stress on slopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In what year did the Lima Prieta earthquake occur?

A

1989

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What were the 2 physical impacts at the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and explain?

A

Groundshaking- damage to infrastructure on soft/sandy soil
Liquefaction- 42 deaths on 2 level freeway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the 4 physical primary hazards of a volcano?

A

Tephrá
Lava flows
Gas eruptions
Pyroclastic flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the 2 secondary hazards of a volcano?

A

Lahars
Jökulhlaups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is tephrá?

A

When atmospheric material (eg rock ash) is blasted during a volcanic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Describe lava flows

A

Move slowly (up to 15km/h) on the surface at 1170°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are gas eruptions?

A

Dissolved gases (eg CO2 H2O) are released during an eruption, travels far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

A fast, destructive, hot, dense mix (rock ash gas) exploded at 700°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are lahars?

A

Violent fast rock/mud flows down wide volcanic slopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are jökulhlaups?

A

Glacial flood when the heat melts snow/ice and there are sudden releases of dangerous ice, rock and gravel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What’s an example of a composite volcano and what physical hazards occur here?

A

Mt St Helens-
Tephra, lava flow, gas eruption, pyroclastic flow, lahar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are 2 examples of a shield volcano and what physical hazards occur here?

A

Hawaii, Iceland
Tephra, lava flow, gas eruptions, jokulhaups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

How are tsunamis formed in 5 steps?

A
  1. Submarine earthquakes at a subduction zone move the ocean floor upwards
  2. A vertical column of water is displaced causing an oscillatory wave from a build up of energy which propagates (moves outwards)
  3. The wave travels and approaches the shallow coastline
  4. Wave shoaling occurs due to friction so the amplitude of the wave increases
  5. Wave at 20-30m high floods land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the early warning system called for tsunamis?

A

DART- deep ocean assessment and reporting of tsunami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

How does the DART system work?

A

Seabed sensors and surface buoys monitor changes in sea level and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Why can’t you predict tsunamis, but what can be done instead?

A

You can’t predict earthquakes, but you can forecast (probability of happening in time frame)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Naturally occurring event with potential to cause the loss of life/property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

Disruption causing social, economic and environmental damage. The criteria for something to be considered a natural ‘disaster’ is 10+ deaths, 100+ affected and a loss of US$1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What does Degg’s model show?

A

How a natural hazard alongside a vulnerable population causes disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does it mean for a population to be considered vulnerable?

A

Susceptible to human/economic loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is resilience?

A

The ability to cope and then return back to normal following a disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are some examples of resilience?

A

Emergency evacuation + relief in place
Hazard resistant designs
Social support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the hazard risk equation?

A

capacity to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What does the PAR model stand for and what does it believe?

A

Pressure and release model- the socio-economic context is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is evidence that socio-economic context is important in developing a disaster?

A

14/15 of the earthquakes with the highest death toll were in developing/emerging countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the progression of vulnerability in the PAR model?

A

Root causes → Dynamic pressures → Unsafe conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

In the PAR model, what does root causes include?

A

Limited access to power, structures and resources
Ideologies- political + economic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

In the PAR model, what does dynamic pressures include?

A

Lack of training, skills, investment
Macro-forces such as rapid population change, urbanisation, deforestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

In the PAR model, what do unsafe conditions include?

A

Physical environment, low income, special high-risk groups
Local economy, social relation and public action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is a root cause, dynamic pressure, unsafe condition and natural hazard for the Haiti 2010 earthquake?

A

Root cause- lack of building regulation
Dynamic pressure-lack of education + training
Unsafe condition- 80% of the capital are in slums
Natural hazard- magnitude 7.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

In what type of country was the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake, when was it, what was the magnitude and what was the plate boundary?

A

Developing
2005
7.6M
Collision plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

In what type of country was the Sichuan, China earthquake, when was it, what was the magnitude and what was the plate boundary?

A

Emerging
2008
7.9M
Collision plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

In what type of country was the New Zealand earthquake, when was it, what was the magnitude and what was the plate boundary?

A

Developed
2010/11
7.1 and 6.3
Destructive and transform plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

In terms of vulnerability, what is a root cause, dynamic pressure and unsafe condition for the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake?

A

Root cause- conflict over Kashmir (India/Pakistan) weakened response
Dynamic pressure- army lacked training and equipment
Unsafe condition- building regulations ignored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

In terms of vulnerability, what is a root cause, dynamic pressure and unsafe condition for the Sichuan, China earthquake?

A

Root cause- 1 child policy so devastating to lose a child
Dynamic pressure- occurred at 2:28pm so many in school where 11000 died
Unsafe condition- poor building quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

In terms of vulnerability, what is a root cause, dynamic pressure and unsafe condition for the New Zealand earthquake?

A

Root cause- building codes largely followed
Dynamic pressure- in 2010, 44km away from Christchurch but in 2011 only 5km away from Christchurch CBD
Unsafe condition- Canturbury plains consisted of loose sediment so slap down effect occurred (sediment hit hard below creating more energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

In the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake, how was their capacity to cope?

A

A sports stadium was used to house people, but farmers lost livestock + crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

In the Sichuan, China earthquake, how was their capacity to cope?

A

Temporary camps and NGO aid, but airport and 5300km of roads closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

In the New Zealand earthquake, how was their capacity to cope?

A

Rescue teams and Natural Hazards Platform resilience programme created in 2009

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

How many died in the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake?

A

Over 70,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How many died in the Sichuan, China earthquake?

A

Almost 90,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

How many died in the New Zealand earthquake?

A

182

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

How many became homeless in the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake?

A

2.5 million in Pakistan, many slept outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

How many became homeless in the Sichuan, China earthquake?

A

5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

How many became homeless in the New Zealand earthquake?

A

10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

How much did the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake cost and what were 2 economical impacts?

A

US$5 billion- looting, loss of livestock + crops

103
Q

How much did the Sichuan, China earthquake cost and what were 2 economical impacts?

A

US$86 billion- 32mil farm animals perished and there was a loss of factories, including hydro-electric power stations

104
Q

How much did the New Zealand earthquake cost and what was an economical impact?

A

US$25 billion- interest rate fell to cover the cost which lowered the value of the NZ$

105
Q

Give 2 environmental impacts of the Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake

A

Landslides (roads blocked)
Loss of biodiversity

106
Q

Give 2 environmental impacts of the Sichuan, China earthquake

A

100,000 lived on weak rock- liquefaction
Lack of water + sanitation (also health)

107
Q

Give an environmental impact of the New Zealand earthquake

A

80% of water/sewage systems destroyed

108
Q

How is the:
Magnitude of an earthquake measured?
Intensity of an earthquake measured?
Magnitude of a volcanic eruption measured?

A

Moment magnitude scale
Modified Mercalli Intensity scale
Volcanic explosivity index

109
Q

How does the MMS collect information?

A

Seismic waves, rock movement, fault surface broken, resistance of rocks affected

110
Q

What does the MMIS measure?

A

Impact on people, structures and the environment

111
Q

What is the VEI based on?

A

Volume of tephra + ash, pyroclastic flows, height of material ejected, duration, observation

112
Q

How is the MMS measured? What is the highest earthquake ever recorded on this scale?

A

Logarithmic scale 1-10, highest is Chile 1960 at 9.5

113
Q

How is the MMIS measured?

A

From I (hardly noticed) to XII (catastrophic)

114
Q

How is the VEI measured?

A

Logarithmic scale from 0 (non explosive) to 8 (extremely large)

115
Q

What are the 6 categories measured for hazard profiles?

A

Magnitude
Speed of onset
Areal extent
Duration
Frequency
Spacial predictability

116
Q

What are the 2 volcano case studies?

A

Iceland- Eyjafjallajökull
DRC- Nyiragongo

117
Q

When was the Nyiragongo volcanic eruption, what did it score in the VEI and what was the speed of the lava?

A

2002, 2VEI, 60km/h

118
Q

When was the Eyjafjallajökull earthquake, what did it score in the VEI and how far did it eject upwards?

A

2010, 2-4VEI, 10km

119
Q

How many died, and how many were evacuated in the Nyiragongo earthquake?

A

147 died and 400,000 evacuated

120
Q

How many died, and how many were evacuated in the Eyafjallajökull earthquake?

A

0 died and 700 evacuated (respiratory issues)

121
Q

What were 2 social impacts of the Nyiragongo earthquake?

A

Looting, caused further damage
Drinking water contaminated (acid rain)

122
Q

Due to flights being cancelled, how many Brittons were stuck abroad (due to Eyafjallajökull) and why so many?

A

400,000 due to it being the end of the Easter holiday

123
Q

Due to Eyafjallajökull, how many flights were cancelled and what industry was affected?

A

95000, the fishing industry

124
Q

Due to Eyjafjallajökull, how much did Europe lose in GDP and why?

A

Lost US$2.6 billion due to supply chains disrupted

125
Q

How much did the Nyirogongo earthquake cause in damage?

A

US$35 million

126
Q

How was unemployment affected by the Nyirogongo earthquake and why?

A

Increased from 80% to 95%- businesses were destroyed

127
Q

When was the Indian ocean boxing day tsunami, how big was the earthquake that caused it and how tall was the tsunami?

A

2004
9.0M
24m high

128
Q

When was the Japanease tsunami, how big was the earthquake that caused it and how tall was the tsunami?

A

2011
9.0M
39m high

129
Q

Describe what happens at the plate boundary at the Indian Ocean tsunami

A

Indo-Australian plate subducted below the Eurasian

130
Q

Describe what happens at the plate boundary at the Japanese tsunami

A

Pacific plate subducted below Okhotsk plate

131
Q

In the Indian ocean tsunami, how many were killed and how many properties were destroyed?

A

280,000 killed and 179,000 properties destroyed

132
Q

In the Japanese tsunami, how many were killed and how many properties were destroyed?

A

Just under 16,000 killed and 128,000 properties destroyed

133
Q

What were 2 social impacts of the Indian ocean tsunami?

A

Fear of epidemic/disease amongst refugee camps
Many orphaned, traumatised children

134
Q

What were 2 social impacts of the Japanese tsunami?

A

Radioactive elements detected in local water (health)
200,000 stranded at stations in Tokyo

135
Q

How much did the Indian ocean boxing day tsunami cost?

A

Over US$10 billion

136
Q

How much did the Japanese tsunami cost and how much did Japan’s GDP shrink by?

A

US$300 billion, GDP shrank by 3.7%

137
Q

What were 2 economic impacts of the Indian ocean tsunami?

A

10% of fishermen lost boats/nets needed for income
Roads + rail links blocked

138
Q

What were 2 economic impacts of the Japanese tsunami?

A

Agriculture devastated, Tohoku region accounted for 3-4% of Japanese rice production
Closure/destruction of ports so shipping disrupted

139
Q

What is governance?

A

Rules and controls that aim to support it’s society- can be formal or informal

140
Q

Give 2 examples of local governance

A

Local authority
Local community leaders

141
Q

Give 3 examples of national governance

A

Military
Government
Natural hazard management organisation

142
Q

Give 2 examples of international governance

A

INGOs
Religious groups

143
Q

How is local governance seen in a modern view?

A

Just as important alongside general goverment

144
Q

What 4 categories can governance control?

A

Globalisation
Organisations
Neo-liberal
IT

145
Q

Give a pro and a con of governance being involved in globalisation

A

Easy quick response for natural hazards
Can have a knock-on-effect to other countries

146
Q

Give a pro and a con of governance being involved in organisations

A

Provides a safety net
Could lead to over-reliance

147
Q

Give a pro and a con of governance having neo-liberal (market-orientated) ideologies?

A

Efficient
Profit driven means that other costs are cut

148
Q

Give a pro and a con of governance having IT

A

Better response time
False information can be shared and create fear

149
Q

What are the 3 geographical factors affecting vulnerability and resilience?

A

Population density
Isolation/accessibility
Degree of urbanisation

150
Q

How does a high population density affect vulnerability and resilience?

A

Harder to evacuate so hit harder

151
Q

How does isolation and inaccessibility affect vulnerability and resilience?

A

Slows the rescue/relief efforts

152
Q

How does a higher degree of urbanisation affect vulnerability and resilience?

A

Higher deaths as there’s a higher concentration at risk

153
Q

What are the 3 inequality factors affecting vulnerability and resilience?

A

Income
Housing
Healthcare/education

154
Q

What happens if there is a limited/nonexistant personal/governmental safety net?

A

Few resources

155
Q

What is the model called that suggests that disaster is caused by a linked cascade of events?

A

Reason’s Swiss Cheese model

156
Q

When was the Nepal earthquake, what was it’s magnitude and how many died?

A

2015
7.8M
9000 died

157
Q

In the Nepal earthquake, how many houses were damaged?

A

Over half a million

158
Q

When was the Bam, Iran earthquake, what was it’s magnitude and how many died?

A

2003
6.6M
26,000 died

159
Q

Describe the physical geography of the Nepal 2015 earthquake

A

High relief, prone to landslides and floods

160
Q

Describe the physical geography of the Bam, Iran 2003 earthquake

A

Shallow focus and cold winter (hypothermia)

161
Q

Describe the physical geography of the New Zealand 2010/11 earthquake

A

Shallow focus

162
Q

Describe 2 geographical risks, increasing vulnerability for the Nepal earthquake?

A

High population density at 13,000/km²
Fast urbanising, growing at 4%/year

163
Q

Describe a geographical risk, increasing vulnerability for the Bam, Iran earthquake?

A

Ancient city with some buildings 2400 years old with heavy roofs so prone to shaking

164
Q

Describe a geographical risk, increasing vulnerability for the New Zealand earthquake?

A

The aftershock was closer to the CBD

165
Q

What was a development issue relating to the Nepal earthquake?

A

Earthquake science was dated

166
Q

What was a development issue relating to the Bam, Iran earthquake?

A

Buildings (including emergency services) made of wood and pre-weakened via termite activity

167
Q

What was a development issue relating to the New Zealand earthquake?

A

Buildings were pre-weakened by the first earthquake

168
Q

What was a governance issue relating to the Nepal earthquake?

A

Poor/excluded groups were vulnerable and many build their own houses with an incorrect building code

169
Q

What was a governance issue relating to the Bam, Iran earthquake?

A

Lack of specialised medical training (20% of healthcare professionals died) and the building codes weren’t enforced

170
Q

How was good governance shown in the New Zealand earthquake?

A

Rebuild cost largely insured and the building codes were enforced

171
Q

Since 1960, describe the trend in natural geophysical disasters and give a reason

A

Fairly steady with fluctuations, overall increase but descreasing from 2015
-media reporting

172
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the number of deaths from geophysical disasters occurring? Give 3 reasons why

A

Decreasing
-mobile communication
-preparation
-response management

173
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the number of deaths occurring due to earthquakes? Give statistics

A

Variable due to mega events
Eg: 2012-14 less than 1000 deaths
but
2004-10 over 200,000 deaths

174
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the number of deaths occurring due to volcanic eruptions? Give statistics

A

Decreased significantly
Only been 7 eruptions since 1980 which have killed over 100 people

175
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the number of people affected by geophysical disasters? Give 2 reasons why

A

Increasing with spikes
-increased population
-more living in risky areas

176
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the number of people affected by earthquakes?

A

Fluctuating with an increase from the 70s, many mega events, decrease from 2015

177
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the number of people affected by volcanic eruptions?

A

Increased (due to evacuation procedures)
Eg: 2010 Mt Merapi Indonesia where over 300,000 were affected but only 300 died

178
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the economic damage caused by geophysical disasters? Give a reason why

A

Increasing with spikes
-more becoming affluent in emerging and developed countries so they have more to lose

179
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the economic damage caused by earthquakes?

A

Fluctuations, increasing at mega events and developing + emerging

180
Q

Since 1960, what is the trend in the economic damage caused by volcanic eruptions?

A

Fluctuating, very small increase since 1970s

181
Q

Give the 4 reasons why data regarding tectonic disasters may not be reliable and accurate

A
  1. immediate focus on aid + rescue (not data collection)
  2. collection methods vary (not single organisation)
  3. differences in defining + categorising
  4. underreporting in remote areas
182
Q

Define a tectonic mega disaster?

A

Large scale disaster in terms of aerial/spacial scale or socioeconomic impact

183
Q

What are the 3 case studies used to show global significance in tectonic mega disasters?

A

2004 Asian tsunami
2010 Ejafjallajokull
2011 Japanese tsunami

184
Q

How many people were affected in the Asian Tsunami and over how many countries?

A

5 million over 14 countries

185
Q

How many tourists died in the Asian tsunami?

A

9000

186
Q

Because of the Asian tsunami, how much did Thailand lose per month, and consequently how many people lost their jobs?

A

US$25 million / month
120,000 lost their jobs

187
Q

Because of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption, how many flights were cancelled, and how many people were affected?

A

95,000 flights affecting 10 million people

188
Q

Because of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption, how much revenue did airlines lose?

A

US$ 7 billion

189
Q

What % of Kenya’s economy exports flowers and vegetables to Europe, and how much did they lose a day in revenue?

A

20%
Lost US$1.5 million /day

190
Q

Where was the nuclear power plant called in Japan, and how many power stations closed because of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami?

A

Fukushima, all 44 power stations closed

191
Q

What % of Japan’s electricity was nuclear:
Before 2011-
By 2013-

A

Before 2011- 27%
By 2013- 1%

192
Q

Name 2 consequential effects that the closing of Japan’s nuclear plant (after the 2011 disaster) had.

A

Had to import fossil fuels which increased CO2 emissions
Germany permanently shut down all of their power plants

193
Q

What is a multiple hazard zone (MHZ)?

A

Where a number of physical hazards combine to increase the risk

194
Q

When does a multiple hazard zone become a disaster hotspot?

A

When it interacts with vulnerability

195
Q

What is the case study for a MHZ?

A

The Philippines

196
Q

Where is the Philippines located?

A

South east Asia
On the Pacific Ring of Fire
Archipelago (island chain)

197
Q

Describe the geography of the Philipines

A

Developing/lowly emerging country
Mountainous
Low lying coastal land

198
Q

Referring to physical geography, what are 5 hazards that the Philipines face and why?

A

Earthquakes + volcanoes -> convergent plate boundary
Tsunamis -> faces pacific
Typhoons (tropical storms) -> tropical monsoon climate
Landslides -> steep topography

199
Q

Describe the vulnerability and capacity to cope in reference to the Philipines

A

High population density
Slums
25% in poverty
Deforestation

Refugee camps- however these have disease outbreaks

200
Q

Describe the progression of the 2006 Filipino earthquake

A
  1. First, there was an earthquake that killed just 15 people
  2. The earthquake triggered a 3m high tsunami
  3. The tsunami triggered a landslide which breached volcano wall
  4. Fell into a lake and caused a flood, washing away houses
201
Q

Why might not all MHZs be a disaster hotspot- use an example.

A

In California- widespread insurance, strict building code, FEMA to provide info

202
Q

What is hazard prediction?

A

Knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike on a spacial and temporal scale

203
Q

What is hazard forecasting?

A

The probability of a hazard occurring in a time frame

204
Q

Can you predict/forecast earthquakes?

A

No, despite decades of research.
You can create a risk forecast where high risk areas are identified

205
Q

Can you predict/forecast volcanoes?

A

You can predict them by measuring the change as magma chambers fill
You can forecast as gas spectrometers analyse gas emissions which points to probability of eruption

206
Q

Can you predict/forecast tsunamis?

A

You can’t, but can give short notice
Seismometers locate earthquakes and then ocean monitors detect the tsunami

207
Q

How do you categorise the hazard management cycle?

A

By time

208
Q

What are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

Response
Recovery
Mitigation
Preparation

209
Q

What does ‘response’ mean in relation to the hazard management cycle?

A

Coping with the disaster when it happens

210
Q

What does ‘recovery’ mean in relation to the hazard management cycle?

A

Short-term and long-term recovery strategies, then starts to overlap with mitigation

211
Q

What does ‘mitigation’ mean in relation to the hazard management cycle?

A

Preventing/minimising the effect of the hazard (reducing vulnerability)

212
Q

What does ‘prepardness’ mean in relation to the hazard management cycle?

A

Preparing to deal with the hazard, community resilience

213
Q

What is the hazard response curve called, and when was it created?

A

Park’s model- 1991

214
Q

What are the 5 different stages in Park’s model?

A

Stage 1: Modifying the cause and event
Stage 2: Hazardous event
Stage 3: Search, rescue and care
Stage 4: Relief and rehabilitation
Stage 5: Recovery

215
Q

Describe stage 1 of Park’s Model in New Zealand 2011 earthquake

A

Enforced building codes, however buildings weakened from previous 2010 earthquake

216
Q

Describe stage 2 of Park’s Model in New Zealand 2011 earthquake

A

6.3 magnitude
182 died
Nature of earthquakes- short so no time for active management

217
Q

Describe stage 3 of Park’s Model in New Zealand 2011 earthquake

A

Military used for search and rescue
Curfew to prevent crime
Google person finder + crisis mapping

218
Q

Describe stage 4 of Park’s Model in New Zealand 2011 earthquake

A

Rebuilding of the CBD and major infrastructure
Organised house share scheme

219
Q

Describe stage 5 of Park’s Model in New Zealand 2011 earthquake

A

2013 Christchurch Recovery plan which cost $20 billion for education, health, jobs and culture
CBD was regenerated with focus on sustainability (improvement) and being earthquake safe
Still hard to attract businesses back
Psychological affect on people

220
Q

Describe stage 1 of Park’s Model in Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

Slums had heavy roofs, and on steep land
Formal buildings built of brittle steel

221
Q

Describe stage 2 of Park’s Model in Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

7.0 magnitude
220,000 died
Nature of earthquake- short so no time for active management

222
Q

Describe stage 3 of Park’s Model in Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

Manual lifting of rubble
Many service workers injured/killed
Connectivity lost

223
Q

Describe stage 4 of Park’s Model in Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

In 2 weeks, only 25% of homeless had tents
Street markets opened, but with decreased supply
UN raised money for dry food packs
Google earth used on hand held GPS (technological leapfrogging)

224
Q

Describe stage 5 of Park’s Model in Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

$30 million donation from World Bank- low tech earthquake proofing
1 year later, only 5% rubble cleared, camps becoming permanent but schools open
Dirty water + aid workers contributed to cholera outbreak (perhaps dip in curve)

225
Q

Do countries of all development levels fit Park’s model?

A

Yes, vaguely
Developed countries may have a less dramatic drop at stage 3, and a steeper recovery
Developing countries may fluctuate in their recovery

226
Q

What is hazard mitigation?

A

Modifying an event to reduce it’s impact

227
Q

What are the 4 types of hazard mitigation?

A

Land use zoning
Diverting lava flows
GIS mapping
Hazard resistant design and engineering defenses

228
Q

What is land use zoning?

A

When local government planners regulate how land is used. This protects people and property at high risk areas. Facilities may be banned in certain areas, eg: nuclear power

229
Q

Give an example of the use of land-use zoning

A

In New Zealand, there are different risk zones surrounding Mt Taranaki

230
Q

What is diverting lava flows?

A

Barriers or channels which divert lava away from communities and into a safer area

231
Q

Has diverting lava flows been successful?

A

Successful in 1983 for Mt Etna in Italy
Generally unsuccessful as the flow is hard to predict, a suitable terrain is needed and the diversion may go to other communities

232
Q

When is GIS mapping used?

A

All stages of the HMC, for example identifying evacuation routes and rescue + recovery

233
Q

How did GIS mapping help aid agencies in the Nepal 2015 earthquake? (3 ways)

A

Seeing the population of major towns
Areas affected
Location of airports

234
Q

What does hazard-resistant design and engineering defenses do?

A

Prevents the collapse of buildings- this is what causes the most deaths and damage

235
Q

Give 3 examples of hazard-resistant design / engineering defences

A

Rubber shock absorbers
Slanted roofs to prevent heavy ash build up
Sea walls

236
Q

Describe how hazard-resistant design/engineering defenses can be low tech

A

Eg: Pakistan
Bales of straw held together by strong plastic netting means that the walls crack, but don’t collapse

237
Q

What is hazard adaptation?

A

Modifying vulnerability during/after the event

238
Q

What are the 5 hazard adaptation strategies?

A

High-tech monitoring
Crisis mapping
Computer Modelling
Public education
Community preparedness and adaptation

239
Q

What does hi-tech monitoring hope to do, and give the 4 methods of it

A

Predict with higher accuracy
-GIS (hazard maps)
-Early warning systems (issues alerts)
-Satellite (transmits data from EWS)
-Mobiles (issues warning, eg: Japanese government sent text message 2011)

240
Q

What is crisis mapping?

A

A live, interactive map that maps areas struck by disaster

241
Q

How was crisis mapping used in the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A

Volunteers rode on bicycles to remote villages to build a picture of vulnerability. This will help in the future too.

242
Q

What does computer modelling do and how?

A

Predict the impact of hazard events on communities. It does this by feeding information into a computer system which models the effect of the disaster. Different scenarios can be compared (eg: if a sea wall is built or not).

243
Q

What does public education do in terms of hazard adaption?

A

Brings awareness to stop hazards becoming disasters. This protects people before, during and after the event.

244
Q

Give 3 examples of public education

A

-Regularly practicing emergency procedures (Japanese children practice earthquake drills 4 times per year)
-Creating emergency preparedness kits
-Educational materials (eg: how to build to withstand earthquakes)

245
Q

Give 3 formalised examples of community preparedness

A

List of vulnerable people (eg: elderly)
Practice evacuation drills
Offer first aid courses

246
Q

Give an example of how community preparedness and adaptation was used in the 2005 Indian Ocean tsunami

A

The Thailand Moken tribe (fishermen) notices unusual movements in bay so ordered villagers to run to the hilltop. The tsunami struck and only 1/200 villagers were killed.

247
Q

Who are the 4 key players in managing the loss of an earthquake?

A
  1. Aid doners
  2. NGOs
  3. Insurance
  4. Communities affected
248
Q

What does AID include?

A

Cash, services and equipment to help recover and rebuild- all stages of the hazard management cycle

249
Q

What are the 3 types of AID and give an example for each

A

Emergency aid: food
Short-term aid: restoring water
Longer term aid: infrastructure, management programmes

250
Q

What are 3 things that NGOs do, especially if the government struggles to respond?

A

Provide funds
Search and rescue
Develop reconstruction plans

251
Q

Why is insurance important?

A

Economic cost is high and rising (can link to diaster trends since 1960)

252
Q

In 2011, how much was the worldwide loss just from earthquakes?

A

US$54 billion

253
Q

What is the issue with insurance as a player in the management of loss?

A

Few in developing countries have it as their current economic needs take priority

254
Q

Why are communities crucial in immediate search and rescue?

A

Clear debris and can travel to remote areas

255
Q

How are communities involved in the long term?

A

By building and improving resilience

A-level Geography (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions