Globalisation Flashcards
What is globalisation?
The world becoming more interconnected as ideas spread across the world
What are 4 different types of globalisation?
Economic, political, environmental, culteral
What do developments in trade and transport lead to?
A time-space compression resulting in a ‘shrinking world’
What were created in the 19th century resulting in globalisation?
Telegraph lines
Steam ships
Steam trains
What were created in the 20th century resulting in globalisation?
Jet aircrafts
Containerisation
What were created in the 21st century resulting in globalisation?
Mobile phones
Internet
Social networking (Skype/Zoom)
Electronic banking
Fibre Optics
When was the telegraph line first used to directly communicate, and by when was there a telegraph line from the US to Europe
First used in 1844
US to Europe in 1866
For the Manchester railway, when did it open and what was special about it?
Opened in 1830 with timetabled railway service and scheduled frieght
By 1845, how many km of the railway was open?
Almost 4000km
What did steam trains replace and when and where?
Horse drawn carriages- Liverpool 1812
When were steam ships first rolled out, and how fast were they?
1822 at 5mph
By what year had reliable trans-Atlantic passenger service begun?
1938
What do telephones allow developing countries to do?
Technological leap-frogging
Finish the sentence- Jet aircraft revolutionised…
travel in the 1960s for the middle class
(reduced from days in ships to hours)
By what year had how many American’s flown?
By 1972, almost half
How many shipping containers are there globally? Give an example
17 million- Amazon
What is the size of a standard shipping container?
Length 10’ 20’ 30’
Width 8’
Height 8.6’
How many people use Skype and Zoom?
300 mil/ month for Skype
300 mil/ day for Zoom
What can GPS be used for in retail?
Tracking + managing orders, increasing the reliability of the company
How many km of ocean floor fibre optic cables exist?
Over 1 million km
What does IGO stand for and what do they aim to do?
Inter-governmental organisation, they aim to restabilise the world and promote economic growth via promoting free trade policies and FDI
Name 3 IGOs
World Bank
International monetary fund (IMF)
World trade organisation (WTO)
What principle does the international monetary fund work around?
Privatising government assets in return for loans
What does the world bank do?
Provide development loans to developing countries
In 1944, what 2 IGOs were created, and at which conference?
1944 Bretton Woods conference
IMF
World Bank
What does the world trade organisation do?
Promote the free flow of trade via removing barriers (quotas, tariffs, restrictions)
What are 3 aims of the trade bloc, the EU?
-free movement of capital/people
-have uniform labour/environmental regulations
-integrate economies so the interdependence prevents war
How many countries are part of the EU, and how many people does this represent?
27 countries
448 million people
Of the 27 countries part of the EU, how many use the €?
20
What are 4 aims of the trade bloc, ASEAN?
-uniform low tariff
-agreed for a single market (no restrictions) in 2015 but this failed
-seeks consensus (general agreement)
-pledged no nuclear weapons in 1995
How many countries are part of ASEAN and how many people does this represent?
10 countries
670 million people
In what year did ASEAN pledge no nuclear weapons?
1995
What 3 things do governments do to create economic liberalisation?
Free market liberalisation
Privitisation
Encouraging business start ups
Who introduced London’s deregulation, when, and what did this do?
Thatcher in 1986
Foreign competition increased the efficiency
Give an example of a privatised company, and when did they privatise?
British Gas in 1986
Give 4 ways that governments encourage business start ups
Low business taxes
Foreign restrictions removed
Loans
Regulations
What are 3 pros of free trade blocs?
- Larger market for more customers
- Greater choice + lower cost for customers
- Smaller countries have more say in global agreements
What are 3 cons of free trade blocs?
- Increased dependency
- Group descisions can be unliked
- Disruption in the block can have a knock on effect
What is a subsidy?
Direct (grants) or indirect (tax break) payments to firms from government
When was China’s open door policy created?
1978
What did China’s open door policy create?
Special economic zones (SEZs)
What can the creation of SEZs allow for?
Globalisation + urbanisation + poverty reduction
By the 1990s, what % of China’s GDP was generated in SEZs?
50%
In China, how many people left rural areas?
300 million over 30 years
In China, there is a mega region with how many people?
120 million
What is China’s first SEZ called, and what did the megacity use to be?
Shenzhen- used to be a small coastal fishing village (good location on port!)
In the SEZ, Shenzhen, how did income change when it underwent it’s transformation?
From $1/day to $30,000/year
Name 2 examples as to why China is still closed off
- Quota of 34 foreign films screened per year
- Google and Facebook have no access to China’s market
What are 4 examples of indicators which can show the degree of globalisation?
Flows, technology, movement, media
What are the 2 indicators/indices that can measure globalisation?
KOF index and AT Kearney index
When was the KOF index created?
1970
What are the 3 main categories in the KOF index?
Social, political, economic
When was the AT Kearney index created?
2008
What are the 4 main categories in the AT Kearney index?
Personal, technological, economic, political
What’s an advantage of the KOF index
It has few missing data
What’s an advantage of the AT Kearney index?
It has a high weighting to ICT (relevant in 21st century)
Which country was the most globalised in 2015 in the KOF index?
Ireland
Which country was the most globalised in 2015 in the AT Kearney index?
Singapore
What are 2 disadvantages of both the KOF and AT Kearney indexes?
- countries with small domestic markets always top the list due to reliance on other countries
- cultural bias in indicators (eg number of mcdonalds)
What 5 things to TNCs do which is important in their spread, and globalisation? What is the underlying reason why TNCs do this
- Horizontal integration
- Vertical integration
- Diversifying product range
- Developing new markets
- Economies of scale
- maximise profit
What is horizontal integration?
Company expands on one level in the production process
What is vertical integration?
Company controls every production stage
Why do TNCs diversify their product range?
To future-proof sales
How do TNCs develop new markets?
Expand to new customers or develop new models
How would TNCs create economies of scale?
Expand capacity and warehouse size to reduce unit cost (some companies like apple remove the warehouse stage altogether, and ship directly from manufacturer to consumer)
What does GPN stand for and what is an example of one?
Global production network- Apple
How many suppliers does Apple have, and where are they located?
200 suppliers- 85% in Asia, leading suppliers in China
What concept does the GPN Apple use to cut costs?
Just in time (JIT) - cut down on warehouses
What is glocalisation?
Company creates new markets as company restyles products to suit local taste/rules
Give 2 examples of when McDonalds has glocalised their products?
Kosher in Israel (1995) (Jews)
Vegetarian India (2013) (Hindus avoid beef)
Name 3 brands glocalisation isn’t relevant for
Louis Vuitton
Lego
Oil
What does outsourcing and offshoring lead to?
GPNs which reduce costs and increase profits
What is outsourcing?
Company contracts another company to produce goods or services
What is offshoring?
Company moves own production process to a different country
If a TNC is poorly managed, what does it result in?
Reshoring
Give 4 examples of when TNCs were poorly managed
-horsemeat in Tesco burgers 2013
-Rana Plaza textile factory collapsed and 1100 died
-natural hazard (Japan tsunami 2011) disrupts supply chain
-BooHoo slavery + human rights abuse claims 2020
What are the 4 main reasons as to why places may still be switched off from globalisation?
- Physical
- Environmental
- Political
- Economic
What are 4 physical reasons a place may be switched off from globalisation?
-long distance
-mountains
-resources
-landlocked
Why do long distances make places switched off from globalisation?
Costly communication/transport so less attractive to FDI investors such as TNCs. However, in developed nations this isn’t a huge issue due to ICT.
Why do mountainous regions make places switched off from globalisation?
It creates a physical barrier which slows trade as the infrastructure to connect is costly. However, in developed nations this isn’t a huge issue due to ICT.
Why does a lack of resources make places switched off from globalisation?
None to trade + export in order to develop industry however too much results in dependence on the low-paying, fluctuating primary sector.
What are 3 environmental reasons a place may be switched off from globalisation?
-natural hazards
-climate change/arid areas
-harsh biomes
Why do natural hazards make places switched off from globalisation, but why do they become switched on again?
TNCs won’t invest in high risk areas but after a natural hazard, AID flows in from the world bank and countries. Also, environmental refugees move and increase migrant flow.
Why does climate change make places switched off from globalisation, but why do they become switched on again?
Aridity and desertification reduces agricultural potential, but, agricultural dependence can be bad, and, there’s technology/fertilisers to help
Why do harsh biomes make places switched off from globalisation, but why do they become switched on again?
Limits transport, development is costly so trade is limited. But, tundra biomes are becoming more accessible.
What are 5 political reasons a place may be switched off from globalisation?
-corruption
-terrorism
-human rights
-conflict
-government choice
What is an example of why conflict and corruption has caused Africa to be switched off from globalisation?
‘Scramble for Africa’ has caused tribes to split and conflicting tribes to join, leaving a power vaccum with no stable democracy. The IMF has an anti-corruption policy. TNCs disuaded from investing.
Why does terrorism cause places to be switched off from globalisation?
World leaders don’t interact if terrorist run. Industry disruption + high costs.
Why does abuse of human rights cause places to be switched off from globalisation?
Leads to sanctions which limits the flow of capital and products. Eg: 2020 UK- Global Human Rights Sanction Regime
Why does government choice in North Korea cause it to be switched off from globalisation?
-Hereditary autocracy (inheritance, choice made by one person)
-One party communist system running on the ‘self-sufficiency policy’.
-No internet or social media
-Emigration + tourism prohibited
In what way is North Korea still slightly switched on to globalisation?
Trades with China
What are 3 economic reasons a place may be switched off from globalisation?
-dependence on resources
-debt
-poverty
Why does dependence on resources cause places to be switched off from globalisation?
If dependent on 1/few materials, there are fluctuations in income due to the boom-bust commodity cycle
Why does debt cause places to be switched off from globalisation?
Prevents money spent on transport infrastructure
Why does poverty cause places to be switched off from globalisation?
Too poor to buy imports, travel, technology
Why is the Sahel region (strip in Africa) switched off?
Physical- some countries are landlocked, little FDI
Environmental- semi-arid + desertification increases infrastructure cost
Economic- poverty limits customer market potential
How has the global economic centre of gravity shifted and why?
Europe (industrial revolution) → North America (capitalism + not affected by war) → Japan (cheap military production) → China (1978 open door)
What are 4 benefits of global shift in Asia and why?
Waged Work- reliable, regular, higher paying, less hours
Infrastructure investment- roads, ports, airports, power water
Poverty reduction- higher income
Education- invest from money generated, higher income so families pay, TNCs invest in transferable skills
What are 3 costs of global shift in Asia and why?
Loss of productive land- due to factories, homes, pollution
Unplanned settlements- for jobs, people move from rural to urban so more people than houses-> illegal settlements
Environmental/resource pressure- air + water pollution, high water and raw material demand, lack of regulation causes health issues
In terms of waged work, what % has urban income increased by and since when in China?
10% increase since 2005- however greater rural-urban divide
Out of the 10 busiest container ports, how many are located in China, in terms of infrastructure investment?
7
From 1980-2016, how has poverty reduced in China?
From 84% to 10%
In China, for what age is education free + compulsory?
6-15 years
In China, how many hectares have been polluted and with what, leading to loss of productive land?
Over 3 million hectares polluted with heavy metals
How many people in China don’t have safe drinking water?
360 million
What does air pollution in China do to the life expectancy?
Reduce it by 5 years
What % of India’s GDP is spent on infrastructure?
10%
In India, how many people were brought out of poverty in a decade, and in which area mostly?
271 million, more in urban
How is education in India improving?
Growing number of universities, over 1000
What % of India is under desertification?
30%
How many people live in slums in India?
101 million
What % of global coal does India consume?
10%
What % of India is above the WHO air pollution safe limit?
99%
What are the 4 major environmental problems in the DRC?
Air and water pollution
Land degradation
Resource over-exploitation
Loss of biodiversity
What are 3 reasons as to why air and water pollution are a major environmental problem in developing countries?
High demand for energy so more power stations releasing more pollution
Factories
Weak regulation
Why is land degradation a major environmental problem in developing countries?
Natural resources are exploited for the benefit of the economy
Why is resource over-exploitation a major environmental problem in developing countries?
TNCs are in emerging countries so developing countries are relied on for resources as more nations emerge
Why is loss of biodiversity a major environmental problem in developing countries?
Urban jobs pay better so urban sprawl occurs
What % of the world’s cobalt is in the DRC?
70%
What health issues occur in newborns when their parents are exposed to mines in the DRC and how much more likely are these to occur via exposure to mines?
Cleft palate, spina bifida (organs outside body)
3-4 X more likely
What is economic restructuring?
Widespread change in job type- eg: secondary to tertiary
In 1891 and 2011, what % of people in the UK work in the secondary industry?
1891- 55%
2011- 18%
In 1891 and 2011, what % of people in the UK work in the tertiary industry?
1891- 30%
2011- 57%
In 2011 in the UK, what % of people work in the quaternary sector?
24%
Complete the gaps…
Detroit was a major centre for ………. (eg Ford) but began deindustrialisation due to the ………. and ……….
Automotive manufacturing
Great depression (30s)
Competition from abroad
What are the 5 social and environmental issues faced by developed nations as a result of economic restructuring?
- Derelict land
- High unemployment
- Contamination
- Crime
- Depopulation
In Detroit, how much land is derelict, and how much is derelict in the city centre?
1/3 derelict and 50% in the city centre
In Detroit, what % of people were unemployed in 2021 and why?
20% because economic restructuring takes time and certain skills are needed
In Detroit, what % of people live below the poverty line?
36%
What 3 types of pollution is caused by contamination in Detroit?
Land air water
By what % has lead contamination in Detroit risen and what does this correlate to?
28% from 2015 which correlates to behaviour issues
How many black children in Detroit have asthma attacks per year and why?
2400 due to natural gas pollution
What is the theory explaining crime in derelict places such as Detroit?
Broken Window Theory- visible indicators encourage crime
What was the title given to Detroit in 1970?
Murder capital of the USA
How much did murder rise in Detroit in 2020?
19%
Over 70 years how many people left Detroit?
1.2 million
Why did people outmigrate and leave Detroit?
Jobs + better quality of life
What is ‘white flight’ in Detroit, what is it caused by and now what % of the population is black?
White left as they had money due to systemic racism. It’s now 82% black
What are ghost blocks, found in Detroit?
Blocks of unowned houses on sale for $1
What is a megacity?
City with a population of over 10 million
What is the difference between push and pull factors?
Push- reason why one may leave an area
Pull- reason why one may come to an area
What is natural increase?
When there’s a positive net difference between the birth and death rate
Give 5 examples of push factors:
Natural hazards
Poverty
Conflict
Lack of government investment
Mechanisation of agriculture (unemployment)
Give 4 examples of pull factors:
Education + healthcare
Post-16 programmes
Employment opportunities by TNC + FDI
Exciting + entertaining
What are the 4 social and environmental challenges faced by megacities?
Rural lack education/qualifications
Housing supply lacking
Informal housing lacks government provision
Government investment to transport can’t keep pace
What social challenges does the rural lacking education/qualifications cause in megacities?
Can’t take job opportunities so work in the informal (unsafe + poverty)
What social and environmental challenges does the lack of housing supply cause in megacities?
High house rent, squatters overcrowded, poor conditions
Deforestation + resource scarcity to build more
What social and environmental challenges does the informal housing lacking government provision cause in megacities?
Lack of services such as water electricity and waste- disease
Environmental degradation + pollution
What social and environmental challenges does the government investment in transport not keeping pace cause?
Traffic congestion, longer journey times
Higher CO2 emissions (enhanced greenhouse effect) and air pollution
What is Mumbai the state capital of and what is Mumbai referred to as?
Maharashtra
Mumbai is referred to as the commercial capital- it’s a port city on the west coast of India
Why has population grown in Mumbai?
2.2 births/woman, although this has decreased and is evening out to the world average
Migration due to pull factors- University of Mumbai, higher wage, healthcare
In Mumbai, how much do trains carry compared to their limit, and how many deaths does this result in per year?
3x their limit, 3500 die per year
In Mumbai, how many people are there to 1 toilet?
1450
In Mumbai, there are 4000 cases of which fatal diseases per day?
Diphtheria + typhoid
What is the environmental consequence of old leaking pipes in Mumbai?
650 million litres of water lost per day
How bad is air pollution in Mumbai?
3rd highest in India
What % of waste is treated properly in Mumbai, however, what is being done to reduce this?
Only 30% but over 1000 employed in waste disposal
What is the low life expectancy in Mumbai?
60
What is a global hub city?
City with a major global influence in making political and economical decisions so economic migrants are attracted
What are the 2 types of migrants attracted to global hub cities?
Elite migrants and Low-waged migrants
What are elite migrants?
Highly skilled, wealthy migrants from their profession or inheritance. They face few obstacles during migration
What are low-wage migrants?
Migrants drawn in large numbers for semi-skilled work
What is an example of elite migration?
Russian oligarchs to London
What is an example of low-wage migration?
Indians to the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Who are the elite migrants that moved to London, and approximately how many?
Russian oligarchs- 50,000 in the UK in 2021
What are 2 push factors that might cause Russian oligarchs to move to London?
They abuse the justice system
Government intervention creates a poor business environment
What are 3 pull factors that might cause Russian oligarchs to move to London?
Private education opportunities for children
Developed financial services
Political predictability
How does Russian oligarchs moving to London create interdependence?
London property market thrives off of rich Russians
Who are the low-wage migrants who have moved to the United Arab Emirites (UAE)?
Indians
What % of the UAE is Indian?
38%
What are 2 push factors that might cause Indians to migrate to the UAE?
Poor standard of living
Rural areas with few opportunities
What are 2 pull factors that might cause Indians to migrate to the UAE?
Job opportunities after the oil boom 1970s
Open society so can display culture
How do Indians migrating to the United Arab Emirates create interdependence between the countries?
Remittances sent home to India
Migrants are 90% of UAE workforce
What is a social benefit and cost of migration for the host country?
✓ Connects cultures
X Pressure on services
What is a social benefit and cost of migration for the source country?
✓ Connects cultures
X Imbalanced population demographic (young move away)
What is an economic benefit and cost of migration for the host country?
✓ Larger workforce fills job vacancies
X Education cost is higher, especially as don’t speak English often
What is an economic benefit and cost of migration for the source country?
✓ Remmitances sent home boosts the economy
X Loss of skill (brain drain)
What is an environmental cost of migration for the host country?
Urban growth increases pollution
What is an environmental benefit and cost of migration for the source country?
✓ Reduced resource pressure
X Deterioration of the build envrionment
What is a political benefit and cost of migration for the host country?
✓Gains popularity
X Ethnic tensions
What is a political cost of migration for the source country?
Loses popularity
What are the 5Fs in culture?
- Food
- Fashion
- Festivals
- Flags
- Famous people
What are the 3 main drivers of cultural diffusion?
TNCs
Global media
Migration/tourism
How do TNCs drive cultural diffusion? Give one limitation
Dispersal of goods globally
Some TNCs glocalise, culture doesn’t spread
How does global media drive cultural diffusion?
Using a soft, passive power which is appealing
What is the limitation of migration/tourism as a driver of cultural diffusion?
Tourism is temporary
Only a minority migrate, and they may assimilate
Give 3 features of westernised culture
Capitalistic, profit-driven > environment
Consumerism + materialistic (eg: fast fashion)
Fast food + handshake
What is globesity?
When cultures (eg: Asia) generally used to eat high veg and low meat, but now eat high meat and fast food
Due to globesity, how has China’s meat consumption changed?
Increased 10-fold
Annual consumption / capita from 5kg to 50kg
What are the effects on people due to globesity?
Diabetes + heart attacks
What are the effects on the environment due to globesity?
Higher methane from meat
People less active –> use car –> CO2 emissions
Enhanced greenhouse effect
How does cultural diffusion create opportunities for the disadvantaged?
First Paralympics in 1960 in Rome
Gay rights, eg: London Pride
Where is the Korowai tribe located, and how many people are a part of it?
South-east Papua province in Indonesia
Approx 3000 people
What are the 7 things that the Korawai tribe experienced changed to?
- Language
- Food
- Music
- Clothes
- Social relations
- Built environment
- Natural environment
How did language change for the Korowai tribe?
Villiage education now in Indonesian, not Korowai
How did food change for the Korowai tribe?
Used to have cannibalism as a punishment, but can now buy Coca-Cola
How did music change for the Korowai tribe?
Used to use pig-skin drums, but now have radios and TVs
How did clothes change for the Korowai tribe?
Used to only wear loincloth, but now wears Man United tshirt with shorts
How did social relations change for the Korowai tribe?
Christianity introduced by the Dutch in 1980s reducing polygamy + levirate marriage (marrying brother’s widow)
How has the built environment changed for the Korowai tribe?
Before, had wooden longhouses, with palm-thatched roofs on stilts 10m high
Now, village housing has clay bricks and + iron roofs
How has the natural environment changed for the Korowai tribe?
Resources exploited for the economy
Cultivation abandoned for village
Give an example of opposition to globalisation for:
Culture
Economy
Environment
Culture- Quebec French speakers
Economy- China’s ‘Great Firewall’
Environment- Extinction rebellion (XR)
What is the strategy used by Quebec, Montreal to preserve French speakers?
French schools, businesses must serve in French, only French required for jobs, court in French
What is the evaluation for the strategy used by Quebec, Montreal to preserve French speakers?
New, but predicted increase in French speakers
What is the strategy used by China in it’s ‘great firewall’ out of fear and control?
- IP blocking- filter sits between local and foreign server (DNS poisoning)
- Self censorship- employers police sites and remove content
What is the evaluation for the strategy used by China in it’s ‘great firewall’ out of fear and control?
People lack freedom + rights
Can use VPN to overcome
What is the strategy the extinction rebellion uses to pledge for climate change and biodiversity?
Climbing on top of trains, blocking London bridge (passive) to spread their message
What is the evaluation for the strategy the extinction rebellion uses to pledge for climate change and biodiversity?
Gets public attention
54% strongly oppose to actions
Recieves backlash
What is the difference between single and composite indies?
Single indices have one variable whereas composite indices have more than one variable in a single measure
What are the 2 social measures of development?
Human development index (HDI)
Gender inequality index (GII)
How is HDI measured?
On a scale of 0-1
Combines life expectancy, income and years of schooling
What are 2 pros, and 2 cons of the HDI?
Economic and social measures
A few rich people don’t distort the mean much
Education doesn’t include higher education / dropouts
No environmental
How is GII measured?
On a scale of 0-1 (1 is unequal)
Combines reproductive health, empowerment and labour market (participation in workforce)
What is a pro and con of the GII?
Link between women’s status and child malnutrition
Data limitations, validity questioned
What are the 3 economic measures of development?
Economic sector balance
Income / capita
Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity / capita (GDP [PPP] /capita)
What is economic sector balance?
The % contribution of primary, secondary and the tertiary sector to the GNI
What type of index is ‘economic sector balance’ and give a con of it
Composite
Doesn’t show quality of life
Why may income / capita be seen as the best single indicator? Also, give a con of this measure
Higher income can = higher quality of life
But, may be misleading in any inequalities
What are 3 pros of GDP (PPP) / capita?
Takes cost of living into account
Used as an exchange rate
Easier to compare
What is a con of GDP (PPP) / capita?
Taxes aren’t accounted for
What is the equation called that measures inequality? Give the equation
Gini coefficient
area of A
—————
area of A+B
Where A is area between line of absolute equality and Lorenz curve, and B is the area between Lorenz curve and axes
When working out the Gini coefficient, what does 1 represent?
Absolute inequality
When working out the Gini coefficient, what does 0 represent?
Absolute equality
At what angle is the line of perfect equality?
45°
What is on the x and y-axis of the Gini coefficient?
x-axis: cumulative % of households
y-axis: cumulative % of income
In a developing country, how have winners been created from globalisation due to trends in widening income equality?
Inequality in Kenya has decreased on the Gini coefficient by over 0.1, as more people are starting to have internet
In a developing country, how have losers been created from globalisation due to trends in widening income equality?
Slums in world cities (eg: Lagos) due to overpopulation
In an emerging country, how have winners been created from globalisation due to trends in widening income equality?
Outsourcing/offshoring means that factory + call centre workers in China earn more
In an emerging country, how have losers been created from globalisation due to trends in widening income equality?
Rural have thin global connections
In a developed country, how have winners been created from globalisation due to trends in widening income equality?
1800 billionaires across the world in 2016, mostly through TNCs
In a developed country, how have losers been created from globalisation due to trends in widening income equality?
Workers in old industrial cities lose jobs
How have trends in widening income equality affected developing, emerging and developed countries?
Developing/developed- less air pollution
Emerging- more air pollution due to offshoring + outsourcing
What does Kuznet’s curve show?
How environmental degradation varies depending on income/capita
In Kuznet’s curve, what happens to environmental degradation before the turning point?
Environment worsens
In Kuznet’s curve, what happens to environmental degradation after the turning point?
Environment improves
Why is environmental degradation is pretty low in developing countries? 3 points
-limited technology due to lack of globalisation
-limited infrastructure
-primary + agricultural so resource exploitation occurs
Why is environmental degradation high in emerging countries? 3 points
-manufacturing/factories threatens plant species, produces air + water pollution, and increases CO2 emmitions
-urban, lots use phones (high demand)
-weak environmental laws
Why is environmental degradation low in developed countries? 2 points
-service sector (deindustrialisation) so air pollution decreases
-regulation and management (eg: green zone)
How is environmental degradation measured, and in what unit?
By an ecological footprint:
Total resources used by a country per year
Measured in global hectares
What are 2 goals that the developing country, the DRC, has to manage the environment?
Aims to have 100% renewable energy by 2050
Aims to expand forest coverage by 3million hectares by 2025
What are 3 limitations of the goals to manage the environment in the DRC?
Corruption from the mineral wealth
Lack of financial resources + power
Rebel group
What are 3 goals that the emerging country, China, has to manage the environment?
Peak CO2 emmitions by 2030
Increase forest coverage by 6 billion m3 by 2030
Carbon neutrality by 2060
What are 3 limitations of the goals to manage the environment in China?
Monitoring is by profit-focused local governments
Goals aren’t ambitious enough
Goals don’t align with 2015 Paris Agreement
What are 2 goals that the developed country, the UK, has to manage the environment?
2003 Climate Change Act, the first country to legalise this action
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels
How has the UK already improved the environment?
Between 2010-19, greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 26% whilst the economy grew 17% by taxing consumers using fossil fuels
-emissions are continuing to fall
What are 2 ways in which the UK, and particularly London, has created a culturally mixed society?
Open borders
Deregulation + encouragement of FDI
What are 2 ways in which UK borders are ‘open’, creating culturally mixed societies?
British nationality Act (1948)
EU freedom of movement (27) countries
How did the British nationality act create a culturally mixed society, but what were the issues with this?
-Ex-colonies were classed as British citezans, encouraging + simplifying movement
-Jamaican Windrush in 1948 to Essex, over 1000 due to post-war labour shortage
-However in 1968-71, opposition to globalisation was popular so windrush migrants were:
1. threatened to be deported
2. stripped of jobs
3. denied services eg: NHS
How does the European Union (EU) create a culturally mixed society in the UK, but now what is the issue with this?
The barriers to mobility in the EU were extremely low
But the UK is no longer part of the EU due to Brexit
How did deregulation in London attract FDI?
1986 ‘Big Bang’
-switch from face-2-face trading to electronic for the London Stock Exchange (LSE)
-London as a financial capital strengthened
-so relocation of TNCs attracts FDI
As a result of deregulation in 1986, how many jobs were created in the UK from overseas companies in 2015?
32,000
As a result of deregulation, when European HQs move, what % of them now move to London?
35%
As a result of deregulation, what did the UK lead Europe in attracting?
Research and development projects
What is a diaspora?
A population scattered across regions separate from their geographical place of origin
Describe the size of the Indian diaspora
The largest globally at 17.5 million
How has the Indian diaspora contributed to politics?
5 Indian lawmakers in the US congress (parliament)
UK has MPs such as Rishi Sunak and Priti Patel
Give an example of how the Indian diaspora is represented in entertainment
Amir Khan- boxer featured on I’m a celebrity
How much money has the Indian diaspora contributed to the US?
$2 trillion
In the US, what % of doctors are part of the Indian diaspora?
38%
Why were members of the Indian diaspora recruited to London/docks in the 1800s?
To work as sailors
How did the Indian diaspora assist the British army in the world wars?
140,000 members of army
4300 treated in Brighton
After WW2, what opportunities were there for the Indian diaspora?
Jobs in the newly founded NHS
In the early 1900s, where did Indian diaspora settle and why?
East Africa for trade
They started businesses and shops
How did the indenture (post-slavery) system give the Indian diaspora opportunities?
Contracts to colonies (eg: Fiji, Trinidad) for infrastructure projects
However, they lacked freedom
How have tensions resulted from global change?
Extremism
Trans-boundary water conflicts
What is extremism in Europe? (remember this is only a minority!-although increasing)
-Resentment towards large-scale immigratrion eg: due to pressure on services
-Creates social + political tensions eg: anti-immigration governments in Italy, German ruling political party weakened by pro-immigration stance
Due to migration (global change), more water is needed, so give an example of a trans-boundary water conflict
Mekong River, through 5 countries in south-east Asia
Dams constructed for hydroelectric power, but this damages agriculture and fisheries downstream
What are the 3 ways to control globalisation?
Censorship (use China firewall study)
Limiting immigration
Trade protectionism
How is the UK limiting immigration in attempt to control globalisation?
2021 post-Brexit points-based immigration system
How many points must be earnt to migrate in the UK immigration system, and give 3 ways in which these points can be earnt
70 points
-speaking English
-PhD in relevant job
-job in shortage occupation
How much is the new UK immigration system predicted to reduce EU migration by?
70%
What is a benefit and concern of the new UK immigration system?
Attracts the best people, promoting the economy
Concern of job shortages, not enough people to fill roles
What does trade protectionism do?
Protects domestic industries from foreign competition
What are the 4 methods of trade protectionism?
Tariffs that tax imports
Subsidies
Quotas
Currency manipulation
What do tariffs that tax imports do to control globalisation?
Raises the price of imported goods to reduce the competition of locally produced goods
What is a weakness of ‘tariffs that tax imports’ as a method of controlling globalisation?
Countries can retaliate
Caused ‘trade war’ in 1930s which worsened the Great Depression
What do subsidies do to control globalisation?
Governments subsidise local businesses so they can compete in the global market with low costs and profit. This results in consumers purchasing fewer items from abroad as they’re no longer the cheapest option
What do quotas do to control globalisation?
limitation on imported goods, no matter the low cost so domestic products become more widely available
Why are quotas arguably the best form of trade protectionism?
They override foreign economies of scale/subsidies
How does currency manipulation control globalisation?
The country deliberatly attempts to lower the value of their currency (eg: fixed exchange rate) so exports are cheaper + more competitive
What is a weakness of ‘currency manipulation’ as a method of controlling globalisation?
Countries can retaliate
Can cause ‘currency war’
What % of Canada does the first nations represent, and how many years ago did these indigenous people cross land bridge to Canada
5% of Canadian population, and fastest growing
Travelled 12,000 years ago
In 1655, how much of Canada did the first nations hold compared to now?
1655- 97.2%
Now- 0.2%
What did European contact involved which tried to reduce the culture of the first nations?
Guns and weapons
Give 3 ways in which Canada’s First Nations trying to retain their culture
-assembly of first nations to promote rights at a national level
-100 first nation education centres
-opening of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, although this may dilute their culture
Give an example of how a First Nation group has exploited it’s natural resources for the benefit of the economy
Fort McKay
Company worth >$100 million / year
Produces 250,000 barrels of Biuteman / day
Where and when did tensions arise due to a blockade from one of the first nations?
1985 Haida Gwaii
How many people were arrested in the 1985 Haida Gwaii blockade?
72
Why were there tensions in Canada, resulting in the Haida blockade?
Logging rights were given to a company, but forest would’ve been stripped bare by 1996 if plan into full action. These people use totem poles as a representation of their culture
What are ethical issues?
Moral dimensions created by society as to whether something is unacceptable
What is consumerism?
Cultural model which promotes the purchase of goods for personal satisfaction or economic stimulation
What is sustainability?
Using natural resources responsibly to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future
What is localism?
The idea that food and goods should be produced locally to support jobs + reduce transport
What are food miles? How is this measured?
How far food has travelled
Emissions / energy
How many countries follow the movement ‘Transition Towns’, and when was this movement founded and by who?
50 countries
Founded in 2006 by the NGO Transition Network
What is the idea of a transition town?
To grow your own food in community gardens to reduce transport
Where is the transition town, Totnes, located and what is the population there?
First ever transition town located in rural Devon, with a population of 8000 people
How did the transition town reduce:
-carbon footprint
-consumerism and waste
74 solar panals on Totnes Civic Hall
Repairing and reusing items
How much money did the transition town Totnes bring to the local economy?
£122,000
Evaluate the effectiveness of transition towns in increasing sustainability
-Small scale, but could have a big impact if widely adopted
-However hard to widely adopt in big cities
-Big cities may use other localism strategies (eg London: Brixton pound)
What is the 2012 Bristol pound, and how does it promote localism?
Digital/paper currency to trade, this keeps money circulating in Bristol
Using the Bristol pound, how much money was spent in total on transactions?
£6 million
When did the Bristol pound leave circulation?
2021- needs bigger ambition for larger scale
Which country started the ‘100-mile diet’ and when?
North America in the early 2000s
What does it mean for someone to be a locavore?
They eat foods grown locally, eg: from a farmers market
Give an example of when the 100-mile diet was put into action?
Vancouver city hall hosted a 100-mile breakfast
Give 2 limitations of the 100-mile diet
-too small-scale, not everyone will follow
-hard for some climates
What is a social benefit and cost of localism strategies?
Community spirit increases quality of life
Less consumer choice for taste / price
What is an economic benefit and cost of localism strategies?
Local multiplier effect because in chain stores 80% of money leaves the area
May threaten global economic growth
What is an environmental benefit and cost of localism strategies?
Less CO2 emissions (travel etc)
Global trade may be more resource/energy efficient
What is fairtrade®?
An independent non-profit which increases the revenue share for farmers
What is ethical consumption?
The deliberate choice to choose a product because of ethics
What is moral boycott?
Consumers refuses to purchase goods over ethical concerns
What is the forest stewardship council?
A 1993 NGO which puts a logo on wood from a sustainable forest
How do fairtrade and the forest stewardship council limit environmental degradation?
FT- preserves natural habitat + water
FSC- products don’t contribute to environmental degradation
How do fairtrade and the forest stewardship council reduce inequality?
FT- banana producers earn 2x money
FSC- respects land of indigenous
How do fairtrade and the forest stewardship council improve working conditions?
FT- minimises child labour
FSC- workers are well treated and paid
What is ecological footprint?
Measure of land area/water reserves needed to produce what a population consumes, and absorb the waste it generates
To supply resources for every country at UK level, how many earths would this take?
3.1 earths
Give 3 ways that recycling manages resource consumption
Reduces EXTRACTION of new materials
Decreases CONSUMPTION
Reduces WASTE sent to landfill
How has the rate of recycling changed in the UK?
2004- 23% of waste recycled
2015- 44% of waste recycled
How does waste recycling vary in the UK?
10 councils recycled over 60%
Newham recycled 18%
How has the % of local authority waste sent to landfill changed?
2000- 79%
now- 7%
What is the logo introduced by the NGO Keep Britain Tidy, when, and what does it encourage?
Tidyman logo introduced in 1969
Encourages correct litter disposal
What are 5 benefits of recycling as a sustainability strategy?
- reduces waste in landfill
- limits new resource consumption
- uses less energy than producing new products
- circular economy creates new jobs
- finite resources will last for longer
What are 5 costs of recycling as a sustainability strategy?
- not everything can be recycled
- recycling infrastructure lacks economy of scale
- recycling technology is expensive, making it hard for developing countries to implement
- large willingness variation
- generally local programmes (small scale)
