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GCSE g > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Earths core facts

A

Inner core is solid
Outer is liquid
Centre is very dense
Temp ranges from 4400-6000°C

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2
Q

What is the Mantle?

A

Mantle is made up of silicon based rocks
Part nearest the core is rigid
Layer above is called the asthenosphere which is semi molten
Temp is between 1000-3700°C

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3
Q

What are the charectersitcs of the Crust?

A

Made up on silicon-based rock
There is continental and oceanic
Continental crist is thicker and more dense
Oceanic crust is thinner and less dense

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4
Q

What are tectonics

A

Slabs of crust floating on mantle

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5
Q

How are plates moved by convection currents?

A

Lower parts of the asthenosphere heat up and become less dense and rise. As they rise the top cools and beckmes more dense (sinking). These convection currents create drag on the base of the tectonic plates causing them to move.

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6
Q

What are convection currents

A

Circular movements of semi-molten rock

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7
Q

What are plate boundries

A

Where plates meet creating movement

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8
Q

What are Convergent boundries?

A

Plates moving towards eachother. (Along south america)

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9
Q

What are Convergent plate boundries oceanic and continental?

A

When oceanic plates meet continenal, the less dense oceanic plate is forced donw destroying mantle creating volcanoes and ocean treanches.

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10
Q

What is Convergent plate bounbries continental?

A

When two continetal meet, plates collide and the ground is foulded upwards creating mountains

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11
Q

What are Divergent boundries?

A

Plates move away from eachother causing magma to rise from mantle to fill the gapcand cools, creating new crust. (Mid atlantic bridge)

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12
Q

What are Conservative boundries?

A

Where two plates are moving in the same direction but at different speeds. (Along the west coast of usa)

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13
Q

How do convergent plate boundries form volcanoes

A

the ocianic plate is forced down into the mantle where it is melted forming a pool of magma. The magma rises through the cracks of crust called vents. It erupts at the surface as lava forming a volcano

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14
Q

How do divergent plate boundries form volcanoes

A

Magma rises into the gap created when the plates move apart forming a volcano

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15
Q

How do Hot spot volcanoes form

A

They form in the middle of tectonics and occur where a plume of hot magma from mantle moves towards the surface causing a large flow of heat. The magma can break through the crust and reach the surface where there is an eruption and volcanoes form.

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16
Q

How do Composite volcanoes form

A

Occur at convergent plates. Subducted oceanic crust contains lots of water reacting with magma to create gases causing the subducted crust to erupt.

17
Q

WhaT are the Composite volcanoes characteristics

A 
Explosive eruptions
Ashy explosions which deposits ash
Andesitic lava 
High silica content (thick and sticky)
Steep sided cone as laca can't flow far
18
Q

What are the charectertics of Shield volcanoes

A

Occur at hotspots or divergent plate boundries
Not very explosive and only lava
Erupt basaltic lava
Low silica content (runny)
Flows quickly forming low, gentle sided volanoes

19
Q

How do convergent plate boundries form earthquakes

A

Tension builds up from one plate getting stuck as they move down

20
Q

How do divergent plate boundries form earthquakes

A

Tension builds up along cracks within the plates

21
Q

How do conservative plate boundries form earthquakes

A

Tension builds up when plates grinding past eachother get stuck

22
Q

What do moment magnitude scales measure

A

Energy released by n earthquake

23
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake

A

The point where the earthquake starts

24
Q

What is Shallow focus

A

Eathquakes caused by tectonic plates moving near the surface

0-70km

25
Q

What is Deep-focus (less damaging)

A

Earthquakes formed by crust previously being subducted into mantle moving towards the centre of the earth, hearing up or decomposing.
(70-700km)

26
Q

How do earthquakes cause Tsunamis

A

Earthsquakes that cause the seabed to move displaces lots of water spread from the epicentre.

27
Q

What is the Epicentre

A

Point on the Earth’s surface that’s straight above the focus

28
Q

How do you predict earthquakes

A

Lasers can detect movement of tectonics
Vibrations in cruts can be monitored by seismometers
Can measure gases that escape cracks in crust
Rocks will expand from increased pressure

29
Q

How to predict volcanoes

A

Tiny earthquakes or changes in shapes of the volcano from activity in the magma chamber
Thermal imaging cameras seeing changes in temp
Analys gases escaping volcano (sulfurous)

30
Q

Long term planing for tectonic hazards

A 
Emergency services
Building designs
Educating people on what to do
Plan evacuation routes
Emergency supplies
31
Q

Short term planning of tectonic hazards

A

Provide vitals and supplies
Treat injured
Recover dead bodies
Rescue people

32
Q

Earthquake in japan (9.0 magnitude)facts

A

Triggered a tsunami (hundreds of thousands of building destroyed)
Tsunami cut of power to Fukushima power plant causing meltdown
Damage to roads and rails
Was unexpected to be so big
Thousands of building damaged
Sever liquefaction causing building to sink

33
Q

Pakistan earthquake (7.6 magnitude) facts

A

Caused landslides and rockfalls
Unpredicted earthquake
80,000 deaths
Tens of thousands injured
Hundreds of buildings damaged (3 mill people homeless)
Water pipelines and electrial lines broke
Diarrhoea and other disease spread due to lack of clean water
Freezing winter conditions cause more casualties

34
Q

What was Japan Sendia’s short-term relief

A

International aid
Search and rescue/soldiers
Transport amd communications were restored (in couple of weeks)
Power supply restored (in couple of weeks)

35
Q

What is the Long-term planning in japan

A

Authorities gsve advance warning of earthquake and tsunami
Buildings became much more resistent
Automatic breaking on bullet train

36
Q

What was Pakistanis short-term relief

A

Army was slow to respond
India refused to help from pollitical tension
Help didn’t come for weeks
Little equipment or help from emergency services
Supplies were limited and took long time to come

37
Q

What is Pakistan Long term planning

A

Fault lines were still poorly monitored in Himalayas
Avsence of building laws meant weak structures
Poor quality material used

GCSE g (10 decks)

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