Geographical Issues Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the upper course
A
Closest to the river
2
Q
Where is the lower course
A
Closest to the mouth
3
Q
What is a long profile
A
Shows how the gradient changes over different courses
4
Q
Cross profiel
A
Shows you waht the cross section of the river looks like
5
Q
Discharge
A
The volume of water in a river measures in m3/sec of cumecs
6
Q
How do waterfalls form
A
A waterfall occurs when more resistant rock lies over a layer of less resistant rock.
The river bedload swirls around at the foot of the waterfall, gradually eroding the river bed to form a plunge pool.
This results in the water for a eroding up stream forming A steep sided valley called a gorge.
Less resistant rock erodes more easily by abrasion and hydraulic action which.
Eventually the overhang of the more resistant rock collapses under its own weight.
The collapse of the less resistanr rock results in further erosion of the more resistant rock
7
Q
How does river discharge increase
A
It increases downstream as tributary streams and ground water increases the amount of discharg. Also the dranage basin will increase in size.
8
Q
How does channel width and depth increase
A
Discharge increases meaning higher velocity in and higher rate of erosion lateral and vertical
9
Q
How does sediment particle shape change
A
Thanks to attrition the sediment becomes smaller and smoother which will increase as the river has more energy and velocity meaning more collisions of sediment
10
Q
Vertical erosion
A
This depends the river valley making it reshaped. It’s dominant in the upper course of the river. High turbulence causes the sediment particles to scrape along the river bed causing intense downwards erosion
11
Q
Lateral erosion
A
This widens the river during the formation of meanders. Is dominant in the middle and lower course
12
Q
Upper course features
A
Rough channel sides and bed, Gradient is at its source by the source of water, low discharge, carries large, angular stones, resistent rock,steep sided valley, narrow and shallow river channel
13
Q
Middle course features
A
Basin made of softer rock like sand stone,easily eroded, rounded and smaller rocks, river valley is wide and deep, discharge increases, less steep gradient,
14
Q
Lower course features
A
Close to sea level, very wide and flat valley, high velocity, little friction, large discharge,sediment is very smooth and well rounded.
15
Q
Active volcanoes shape the land of the UK
A
520 million years ago the UK used to be much closer to the plate Boundry than now. Active volcanoes form magma through the earths crust which called the form igneous rock.
16
Q
Plate collitions shaping UK boundaries
A
Plate collisions cause the rock to be folded and uplifted forming mountain ranges. (Uplands) The igneous granite is hard and more resistant to erosion
The intense heat and pressure caused by plate collisions formed hard metamorphic rock in northern uk.
17
Q
Plate movements UK position
A
Plate movements meant that 345 to 280mill years ago Britain was in the tropics and higher sea levels meant it was partly underwater. Carboniferous limestone formed in the warm shallow seas. This can be seen in in the south west of the uk
The youngest rocks in the UK are the chalk and clay is found in the south of England.
18
Q
Granite (igneous)
A
- very resistent
- has lots of joints which aren’t evenly spread
- areas with fewer joints are weathered more slowly than the surrounding rock and stick out at the surface forming tors.
- Granite is impermable which creates morrlands
19
Q
What are moorlands
A
Large areas of waterlooged land and acidic soil with low growing vegetation
20
Q
Slate and schist (metamorphic)
A
- slate forms in layers creating weak planes in the rock.
- generally very hard and resistent to weathering but easily split into thin slabs.
- Schist has bigger crystals than slate and also splits easily into small flakes.
- they are often rugged upland areas.
- they are impermable, leading to waterlogged and acidic soils
21
Q
Carboniferous Limestone (sedimentary)
A
- rainwater slowly eats away at it through carbonation weathering
- most weathering happens at joints in the rock (limestone pavements, cavers and gorges)
- Limestone is permable meaning it has areas of dry valleys and resurgent rivers.
It is formed from tiny shells and skeletons of the sea creatures
22
Q
Chalk and clay
A
- chalk is harder than clay. It forms escarpments (hills) in UK lowlands and cliffsat the coast.
- one side is usually steep and other is more gentle
- chalk is permable
- clay is very soft and easily eroded
- forms wide flat valleys in UK lowlands
- it is impermable (streams,rivers,lakes)
23
Q
Igneous rock
A
Formed when molten rock (magma) from the mantle cools down and hardens. The rocks forms crystals as it cools.
24
Q
Sedimentary
A
Sedimentary rocks are formed when largest elements are come back together until they become solid rock.
25
How is the most sedimentary rock formed
As Fish and coral die their skeleton fall, weight crushed those beneath compacting to rock, calcium carbonate in the rocks cemented them together, sand was then laid down on top of this, these layers and a strata.
26
How is metamorphic rock formed
They are formed when other blocks are changed by heat and pressure. New rock becomes harder and more compact
27
Physical processes
Weathering, erosion, post glacier river processes, slope processes
28
How are physical processes affected by climate (freeze thaw weathering)
For example a cold climate increases the likelihood of Freeze thaw weathering weathering and wet climate increases the number of streams and rivers
29
Weathering
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces. It can be mechanical chemical or biological
30
Erosion altering physical landscapes
Wears away rock. During the last glacial period Ice eroded the landscape. Rivers and the sea now constantly around the landscape
31
Postglacial with the processes
Melting ice at the end of glacier period made rivers much bigger than normal with more power to erode the landscape. The ice also left distinctive landforms when it melted e.g. hanging valleys, misfit streams and u shape valleys
32
Slope processes
Including mass movements such as rockfalls, slides, slumps and soil creep
Soils such as sandstone and clay can absorb large amounts of moisture and become saturated – they can move down the slope
33
Agriculture changing landscape
People have cleared the land of forest to make space for farming. Overtime hedges grow and walls have been put in to mark out fields. Different landscapes are best for different types of farming
34
How has forestry changed landscape
Forestry is the management of areas of woodland they can be used for timber, recreation or conservation. The UK are used to be covered in deciduous woodland. Coniferous forests have been planted for timber (often planted in straight lines making them not look natural) Where areas are felled the landscape is left bare.
In some places deciduous woodland it's been replanted to try return the area to more natural state.
35
Settlements changeing landscape
Sime settlements have been developed early so reasons such as britain points over rivers and the availability of resources.
Settlements now have concrete over the roads and buildings which affected surface run-off.
Some rivers have channels straightened or embankments built to prevent flooding.
36
Tees exe line
Line that seperates the main rock types in the UK
37
Scree (slope processes)
Scree consists of angular rock pieces created by freeze-thaw weathering. Scree fragments are unstable and move easily during rockfalls, increasing dangers for walkers.
38
Landslides
Rain adds to the weight of weathered rocks so it slides easily
The Lakes district is the Uk's wettes region (over 2000mm per year).
39
Effects of ice age upland
Glacial process happened 12,000 years ago
As ice moved through the upland landscape it eroded huge areas to create U-shaped valley. These had steep sides, flat bottoms and hanging valleys.
40
Post Glacial River Processes (water on land)
rivers in the upland areas are fed by rainwater so the rivers are very small relative to their valleys. We call these misfit streams.
41
The Downs and the Weald
The Downs and the Weald are lowland landscapes. They are chalk escarpments that lie either side of a large, flat area of clay. The valley is flat (with some small hills). Glacial melt water eroded large amounts of sedimentary rock leaving this distinctive lowland landscape in South East England.
42
Effects of ice age low land
During glacial periods the gaps in the chalk froze making it impermeable. When seasonal snow melt occurred, it couldn’t infiltrate into the chalk and instead ran over the top and eroded the valleys. Now the water runs underground through the chalk and the rivers can’t be seen
43
Post glacial river processes lowland
The UK climate is very wet. Heavy rain can lead to flooding. When rivers flood the overflowing water carries sediment and deposits silt on the valley floor forming a flood plain (very fertile).
44
Sheep Farming
They have influenced everything from:
- the stone walls to keep them penned in
- As a source of income from sheep farming and grazing.
- As such the sheep have grazed all the vegetation and prevent shrubs and trees from growing
- Winter hay is stored in the barns on the fells so farmers lived near their animals. This led to a dispersed settlement pattern
45
Lowlands geology affects agriculture
The area’s geology is mainly sand and clay which were deposited by glaciers, this produces fertile soil for arable (crop) farming but no solid materials for building walls as the rock was chalk. As a result, large villages are found around large farmland. Also less than 12% of the UK’s trees remain to make way for large farmlands
46
Freez-thaw weathering
Freez-thaw weathering is a process where water from rain freezes in the cold upland climates whilst inside cracks of valley walls. The ice expands the crack as it freezes by roughly 9% in size which slowly breakes the rock down. Over many days the rock eventualy breaks down.
47
Glaciation effected the pennies
Over 10,000 years ago in the most recent ice age, big places were formed in the pennies. As places like the pennies was uplifted, rivers wroded them creating V shaped valleys.
48
Mechanical weathering.
It is the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composistions. There's one main type of mechanical weathering that affects coast -salt weathering.
48
What is salt weathering
Sea water gets into cracks in rock. When the water evaporates, salt crystals form and expand, which puts pressure on the rock.
49
Chemical weathering (carbonating weathering)
The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical position.
-seawater and rainwater have carbon dioxide dissolved in them, which makes them week carbonic acid. It reacts with the rock that contains calcium carbonate like carboniferous limestone, so the rocks are dissolved by the rainwater.
50
Biological weathering
Is the breakdown of rock by living things like plant roots break down rocks by growing into cracks on the surface and pushing them apart
51
Mass movement is when material falls down a slope
It is the shifting of rocks and loose material down the slope like a cliff when the force of gravity acting on the slope is greater than the force supporting it. They are more likely to happen when the material is full of water it acts as a lubricant, and makes the material heavier
52
What are the three types of mass movment
The three types of Mass movement of slides for material system straight line slumps material shift with a rotation rockfalls material breaks up falls down slope
53
Hydraulic power
Waves crash against rock and compressed of the air in the cracks. This puts pressure on the rock
54
Abrasion
Eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against the rock, removing small pieces
55
Attrition
Eroded particles in the water smashed into each other and break into smaller fragments. The edges also get round it off as they rub together
56
Coastline can be cocordant or discocordant
Hard rocks like Limestone and chalk are more resistent, so it takes longer for them to be eroded and weathered by physical processes
Softer rocks like clay and sandstone, are eroded more quickly
57
Discordant coastlines
Some coastlines are made up of altering bands of hard and soft rock that are at right angles to the coast. This results in headlands and bays
58
Concordant coastline
The altar in bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coast. Concordant coastline erodes at the same rated along the coast, this means fewer erosional landforms
59
Temperature in the UK affecting Coast line erosion and retreat
Temperature in the UK varies with the seasons. Differences in temperature have an impact of processes along the coast like mild temperatures increase the rate of salt weathering because the water evaporates more quickly
60
Frequent storms affected by the U.K.
Storms are very frequent in many parts of the UK especially in winter. The strong winds create high energy, destructive waves. Intense rainfall can cause cliffs to become saturated which makes mass movement more likely.
61
How destructive waves were away the coast
Destructive waves are have high frequencies. The backwash is more powerful than this swash which means material is removed from the coast. Storms increase the original power of destructive waves
62
Wave cut notche's and platforms
Weather processes weaken the top of the cliff. Meanwhile, destructive waves are colliding with the feat of the cliff causing hydraulic action and abrasion to take place, eroding cliff and forming a wave-cut notch. The notch increases in size from continous erosion until the cliff collpases from a to large overhang. The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform which is usually smooth.
63
Headlands and bays from along Discordant coastline is
Headlands and bays form where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along the coast. The less resistant rock is eroded quickly and this forms a day which have a gentle slopes. The resistant rock is eroded more slowly and it's left jutting out, forming a headland with steep sides
64
Headlands are eroded to form caves arches and stacks
Headlands are usually made of resistant rocks that have weaknesses like cracks. Waves crash into the headlands and enlarge the cracks. Repeated erosion and enlargement of the cracks cause a cave to form. Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland forming an arch. Erosion continues to Wear the rock supporting the arch, until it eventually collapses forming a stack.
65
Longshore drift
Waves follow the direction of prevailing wind and usually hit the coast add in a oblique angle. The swash carries material up the beach, in the same direction as the waves. The backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles, back towards the sea. Over time, material zigzags along the coast. Sediment will accumalte on a groyne if there is one
66
Constructive waves deposit material
Waves that deposit deposit more materials such as sand and shingle along the coast to form beaches than they erode. They have a low-frequency. The swash is powerful and it carries material up the coast.
67
Spits
Spits form at sharp bends in the coastline. Longshore drift transports sand and shingle past the bend and deposits it in the sea. Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the split. The sheltered area behind the spit is protected from waves, lots of material accumulates in the area, which means plants can grow there. Over time, the sheltered area can become a mud flat or a Salt marsh
68
Bars
A bar is formed when the spit joins two headlines together. The bar cuts of the bay between the headlines from the sea. A lagoon can for behind it
69
Identifying landforms caused by erosion
Caves and arches can't be seen on a map because of the rock above them. Stacks look like little blobs in the sea.
Cliffs are shown on maps as little black lines. Wave cut platform is are shown as bumpy edges along the coast.
70
Identify landforms caused by deposition
Sand beaches are shown on the map is pale yellow. Shingle beaches are shown as white or yellow with speckles.
71
Direct effects on coastline
Direct effects on the coastline are immediate result of human activities. For example, building coastal defences will prevent erosion.
72
Indirect effects on the coast
Indirect affects happen as a result of the direct effects. For example, building coastal defences will prevent erosion in one place, but it can increase erosion further along the coast
73
Agriculture
Agricultural land has a low economic value which means it's often left unprotected. Vegetation helps To bind the soil is together and stabilise cliff tops. Clearing vegetation from grazing land to make room for crops can expose the soil and underlying in rock, leaving it vulnerable to the weathering. Land like marshland is sometimes reclaimed and drained for agriculture use. Draining directly affects the coast because it reduces the natural flood barrier that Marsland provides.
74
Development
Coastal areas are popular places to live and work, so they often have lots of development, coasts with lots of settlement may have on the coastal defences than other areas because people want to protect their homes and businesses. This has a positive direct affect on the coastline because the land is better protected against erosion. However, An indirect effect of development is the change in the transportation and deposition of material along the coast. Building on Crystal lowlands can restrict sediment supply to beaches, making them narrow. Narrow bitches don't protect the coast as well, which means the land is more vulnerable to erosion.
75
Industry
Coastal quarries expose large areas of rock, making them more vulnerable to chemical weathering and erosion. Gravek has been extracted from some beaches for use in the construction industry. This has removed material from the coast and increase the risk of a Rosian because there is less material to protect cliffs. Industrial growth at ports has led to increased pressure to build on salt marshes. These areas provide flatland and sheltered water, which are ideal for ports and industry, but are also natural flood barriers. Building on them leaves the land more vulnerable to erosion.
76
Coastal management
It is about protecting coastal landscapes from the impacts of erosion. Some management strategies alter sediment movement, which reduces the amount of protective beach material further along the coast, this increases erosion. Coastal defences can also reduce erosion. This has a direct effect on the coast because it prevents the landscape from changing.
77
What is freeze thaw weathering
When water freezes and cracks, When water freezes of expands, this expansion puts pressure on the rock and cause it to crack leaving jagged parts behind
78
Four processes of erosion in rivers
Hydraulic action the force of water breaks Rock particles away from the river channel
Abrasion eroded rocks picked up by a river scraping up against the channel wearing it away
Attrition eroded rocks picked up by river smash into each other and break into smaller fragments, these round the rocks off further down course
Solution river water dissolve some types of rock e.g. chalk and limestone
79
Four main processes of transportation
Traction: large particles are pushed along the river bed
Sortation pebble size but it was a bouncer on the river bed
Suspension small particles like silt and clay are carried along by the water
Solution sorry will material dissolve in the water and a carried along
80
What are interlocking spurs
In the upper course water does not have much energy and therefore cannot erode certain resistant rocks. This means if it encounters an area of resistant rock it has no choice but to erode the less resistant rock winding its way through that area. This creates a river channel winding its way through hillside and interlock with each other
81
Meanders and oxbo lakes
In the middle and lower course the current It's force on the outside of the bend because the river channel is deeper and there is less friction to slow the water damage. So more erosion ( abrasio and hydraulic action ) Takes place on the outside of the bend, forming river cliffs and eventually meanders. material is deposited on the inside bend forming slip of slopes from slowed down currents. Areas of erosion cause the outside bends to get closer until there is only a bit of land between them could and neck. The river breaks through the land usually during the flood with depositioncutting off the meander forming an oxbow lake
82
Floodplains
The floodplains Wi-Fi for either side of the river which occasionally gets flooded. When the river floods onto the floodplain the water slows down deposits are ready material that it's transporting. This builds up on the floodplain making it higher. Meanders migrate across the floodplain, making it wider. Meanders also migrate downstream, flattening out the valley floor. The deposition that happens on the slip off slope of meanders also builds up the floodplain.
83
Levees
Levi is a natural embankments along the edges of the channle. During a flood, eroded material is deposited over the whole floodplain. The heaviest material is deposited closest to the river channel, because it gets dropped first when the river slows down. Over time, the deposited material builds up creating levees along each side of the channel.
84
Deltas
Rivers are forced to slow down when I meet the sea or lake. This causes them to deposit the material that they are carrying. If the sea doesn't wash away the material it builds up and the channel gets blocked. This forces the channel to split up into lots of small river is called distributaries. Eventually the material builds up so much that low-lying areas of land called deltas are formed
85
Aspects of a storm hydrograph
Peak discharge: the highest discharge in the period of time you're looking at
lag time: the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.
Rising limb: the increase in river discharge rainwater flows into the river
falling limb: the decrease in river discharge as the river returns to its normal level
86
Factors that affect storm hydrographs badly
```
Physical factors:
Geology
Soil type
Slope
Drainage basin type
Antecedent conditions
Human factors:
Urbanisation
Deforestation
```
87
Physical factors on the flooding of the River Eden
Cumbria has a mild and wet climate
It's one of the wettest parts of the UK
The Eden basin is boarded by the Lake District and the North Pennines. These areas are made of hard impermeable rocks meaning water concerto into the ground
Snowfall is common on higher ground during the winter months
88
Human factors on the flooding of River Eden
Carlisle is urbanised meaning there is lots of impermeable surfaces increasing surface run-off
Deforestation Has happened meaning what is an infiltrated or absorbed by the roots of vegetation meaning more soil saturation and run-off
Parts of the Eden Valley have been trained to meet the more suitable for farming drainage ditches mean water flows rapidly into the river channel
89
How does land use change affect flooding in the UK
Increase urbanisation increases the amount of impermeable surfaces meaning water will be diverted straight into the river as surface run-off
Deforestation and removal of vegetation means the water is now running off the land straight into the river channel increasing discharge
Floodplains are being built on meaning more houses and people are prone to flooding damage
More people living floodplains means that there are more people at risk of flooding if the defences fail
90
Increased frequency of storms
The frequency of storms in the UK is increasing this could be a consequence of global climate change
Storms are also becoming more extreme meaning more intense rainfall is increasing and scarified events
More periods of wet weather meaning more ground is saturated making flooding more likely
91
Threats to people from flooding
People can be killed or injured by floodwater
Roads and bridges or rail lines can be damaged or destroyed
Floodwater can be contaminated with sewage which can lead to lack of clean drinking water
People can be made homeless
Businesses may be forced to shut down due to flooding me lots of livelihoods
92
Threats to environment from flooding
Flood water contaminated with sewage and rubbish company rivers
Farmland can you ruined by salt and sediment deposited after a flood
Riverbanks our road is causing huge changes to River landscape increasing their position downstream
The force of floodwater can operate trees and plants and standing floodwater may cause those that survive the initial wave of water to die
93
Examples of hard engineering flood defences
Flood walls: artificial boundaries built along river banks. They are expensive and they can be unsightly and block the view of the river
Embankments: embankment to high banks are built along or near the river banks. They're expensive and there is a risk of severe flooding if the water rise above the level of embankments or if they break
Flood barriers or flood gates: floodgates e.g. the Thames Barrier adult and river estuary is to stop flooding from storm surges or very high times. Floodgates are very expensive to build and need to be maintained regularly
Demountable flood barriers: demountable flood barriers up and provide temporary protection against flooding. Demountable flood barriers and it's quite expensive to build but they don't spoil the look of attractive locations
94
Soft engineering flood defences
Floodplain retention: especially apples and tangerines floodplain why not build. No money has to be spent on building flood defences but it restricts development and can't be used in urban areas.
River restoration: this involves making the river more natural by removing man-made Levi is that the floodplain for flood naturally. However the river restoration canning increase local flood risk, especially if nothing is done to prevent major flooding
95
The Holderness Coast is on the east coast of England
The Holderness coastline is 61 km long and stretches from Flamborough head to spurn head. Erosion is causing the cliffs to collapse about 1.8 m of land is lots to see every year. Great Cowden, the rate of a version has been over 10 m per year in recent years. The cliffs are mostly made of boulder clay and is easily eroded.It's likely to slump when it's wet, causing the cliffs to collapse. Beaches along the Holderness Coast or never, which means they don't provide enough protection for the cliffs from the sea erosional power. Holderness faces the prevailing wind direction, which brings waves from the north-east all the way to the Norwegian see. Waves increase in power over the long distance, so the coast is battered by a highly erosive waves. Eroded material is moved south along the coast by Longshore drift instead of staying in the place it came from, exposing a new area of cliff to erosion and causing the coast line to retreat.
96
Cause of the holdings are protected by coastal defences
Over 11 km of the Holderness Coast line is protected by hard engineering strategies because they were towns and villages like horsey where people live and there is important infrastructure like the roads which link minute towns and buildings along the coast
The gas terminal at Eastern supplies 25% of the U.K.'s gas and it's right on the edge of the cliff.
97
Groyens causing problems further down coast
Groynes to protect the local areas that cause another beach is the form further down the Holderness Coast which increases the version down the coast which has farms and parks that are now a risk of falling into the
98
Material produced from erosion causing problems for them along the coast
Material produced from the erosion of the Holderness is normally transported Down the coast reduce amount of material that's a raided and transported self increasing the risk of flooding because there is less material to slow the floodwater down
99
Protected areas becoming headlands with problems further along the coast
There is a form in between the protected areas and the protected areas of the coming headlines which have been avoided more heavily. This means maintaining the defences in the protected areas is becoming more expensive
100
Rising sea levels
Rising sea levels pose a threat to low-lying and coastal areas. An increase in sealevel could cause higher times I would flood coastal areas more frequently and also remove large amounts of material from the beaches. This could lead to increase the version of Clips because there is less material to protect them from the sea. Rising sea levels could expose more of the coastline television and beaches could become number one as a single be able to move further inland
101
Storm frequency
Climate change is causing the storms to become more frequent. Storms give the sea motivational power and areas of hard work will be more vulnerable to erosion and areas of eroded more quickly. The sea will also have more energy to transport materials. High energy waves can move more material for greater distances which can lead to some areas being starved of material. This leaves these areas vulnerable to erosion and flooding. Storm surges could become more frequent and sealevel rise could cause surges to reach areas further inland
102
Threats to the environment
Ecosystems will be affected because the water has a high salt content. Increased stock levels due to coastal flooding and damage or kill organisms in an ecosystem. It can also affect agricultural land I would use in sale fertility. The force of the floodwater can operate trees and plants and standing floodwater chance of some trees and plants. Some conservation areas are threatened by custom version like the lagoons on the Holderness Coast that are protected. The lagoons are separated From the sea by a bus. If this is a rated it will connect to the lagoon to the sea and they would be destroyed.
103
Hard engineering
Man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduced flooding and erosion
104
Soft engineering
Scheme is set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion
105
Seawall
I will made out of a hard materials like concrete that reflex waves back to the sea. It prevents erosion of the coast and also acts as a barrier to prevent flooding. Increase a strong backwash which avoids under the wall which are very expensive to build and maintain
106
Groynes
They are wooden or stone fences that are built at right angles to the coast and track the material transported by Longshore drift. They create why the beaches which slows the waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion. They are very cheap however the staff beach is further down the coast of sand making them another one which does not protect the coast as well leading to greater version in floods
107
Beach replenishment
Sand and Single from elsewhere or from lower down the beach are added to other part of beaches. It creates wider beaches which slows the waves however taking material from the seabed can kill organisms like sponges and corals and is expensive defence as it has to be repeated
108
Slope stabilisation
Slips are Reinforced by inserting concrete nails into the ground and covering the slope with metal netting. If prevents mass movement by increasing the strength of the sleep though is very expensive and sometimes very difficult to install
109
Strategic realignment
Removing an existing defence and allowing the land behind it to flood which overtime will become mache create a new habitats. Flooding and erosion of reduced by the marshland though people may disagree over what land is allowed to flood
110
Management strategies need to be sustainable
In order to protect the coast and avoid conflict management strategies need to be sustainable which leads to making sure our version of flooding are controlled without causing more problems elsewhere or affecting people who live and work. Strategies also needs to be cheap to avoid conflicts and spending the public money. Interrogated coastal zone management is an approach to protect the coast will take in everyone's interest into account. It's also a long time with age so it can be adapted to any further needs and changes along the coastline
111
Longshore drift
Prevailing wind wind direction from the south west cause waves to approach a beach at the same direction as prevailing wind. Swash moves sediment up the beach in the same directionas the wind. Backwash moves sediment down the beach at a right angle due to gravity. The next waves picks up the sediment. The sediment moves along the coastline.
112
Characteristics of destructive waves
Higher amplitude , shorter frquence, bottom of wave is trauph. Distance is known as amplitude. Stronger backwash
113
Characteristics of constructive waves
Longer frequnency. Tope of the wave is knowas the creast
Higher swash
Deposited material on beach from highe swash
114
What do joints, faults and cracks do
Joints and faults are cracks and weakness in the rock. Rocked with lots of joints and felt erode faster
