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GCSE g > Deveolpment And Dynamics > Flashcards

Deveolpment And Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does development mean

A

A countries political, social and economic progress and improvement (which is sustainable)

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2
Q

What is GDP- groos domestic product

A

The total value of goods a countries produce per year

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3
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

GDP divided by the pop of a country.

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4
Q

What is GNI- gross national income?

A

Total value of good and services produced by a country a year, including overseas.

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5
Q

What is Birth rate?

A

Live babies born per thousand

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6
Q

What is Death rate

A

Deaths per thousand

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7
Q

What is Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per women

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8
Q

What is Infant mortality rate

A

Number of babies who died under 1 year old, per thousand babies born

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9
Q

What is Maternal mortality rate

A

Number of women who die from due to pregnancy per thousand

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10
Q

What is the Gini coefficient

A

A measure of economic inequality. (0 is equal and 1 is ineqaulity)

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11
Q

What is the Gender inequaity index.

A

Number thats calculated using data on women’s rites and health. The higher the score the more inequality

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12
Q

What is HDI

A

Number calculated using life expectancy, education and income per head. Every country is measured between 0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed)

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13
Q

What is Corruption perceptions index (CPI)

A

A measure of level of corruption that is believed to exist on a public sector on a scale 1-100. (Lower is more curruption)

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14
Q

Developing countires graph characteristics

Chad

A

High fertility and birth rate means wide base
High death rate and low life expectancy means a narrow apex
Lots more children that older people means concsve sides

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15
Q

Emergyping countries

India

A

Lower fertility rate mesns narrow base
Improvemof health care means higher life expectsncy so wider apex
Convex sides as lower proportion of children to adults

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16
Q

Developed countries

Uk

A

Low fertility rates because of equlity meaning narrow base
Good health care means low death rate meaning wide apex
Wide convex structure as there are more old people thsn children (middle pf graph buldges)

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17
Q

How does climate effect the development of a country

A

Weather could result is poor farming reducing food produce (malnutition). Fewer crops to sell means less money to spend on goods or services.

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18
Q

How does topography effect the development of a country

A

Steep land won’t produce lots of food and is difficult of infrastructure
Continentslity and distance from sea can make it harder for global trade.

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19
Q

How does education effect the development of a country

A

Less skilled workforce means a country can produce limmitted goods and offer services (lack of trade or investment)
Educated people also earn more meaning pay more taxes.

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20
Q

How does health effect the development of a country

A

Lack of clean water and poor health care means more disease and higher death rate
Ill people can’t work or contribute to the economy and may need expensive medication
Increas of spending health means less money available for development spending.

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21
Q

How does colonialism effect the development of a country

A

Countries that were colonised often are at a lower level of developement and dependence
Countries raw materials are removed and sold back for sxpensive manifactured goods.

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22
Q

How does neo-colonialism effect the development of a country

A

After colonies are gained independence, richer countries continue to control them indirectly
Soms TNC’s exploit cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countires
International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, meaning they have to develop in a way the donors want

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23
Q

How does economic and political facotrs effect the development of a country

A

Authorisation from governments can put development policies in place which could be good or very wrong. (Democratic government is less extreme than interest groups).
Corruption can hinder developments by tsking money from the poeple
Good international relationships can also help with trade deals or loans for defelopment projecte

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24
Q

Uneven spread of wealth

A

20% of the worlds coutnries have 70.1% of the worlds wealth

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25
Q

Education in poorer coutnries

A

They can’t afford education so many people don’t go to school and instead have to work for their family
Lack of education means low paid jobs and most likely do agricultral jobs

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26
Q

Politics in poorer countries

A

Inequality increases as political instability and crimein very common.
This could result in civil war in developig countires which would most liely increae the povery
Developinng countries ae usually dependent on richer countries, meaning less influence on their development decisons.

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27
Q

Global inequalities causing enviromental problems

A

More consumption of food, water and energy goes to the wealthier putting pressure on scare resources, increasing industrial processes.
Many delevoped countries have factories or buy goods produces in poor countries causing local pollution.
Poorer people might only be able to afford firewood for their energy source causing deforestation.
Waste is dumped and untreated sewedge causes chemical waste and run-off to farmland and water sources

28
Q

What are the five stages of Rostow’s theory

A 
1, traitioanl society
2, preconditions for take-off
3, take-off
4, drive to maturity 
6, mass consumption
29
Q

What does Rostow’s mdernisation theory predict

A

How a country’s economy changes over time, from relying on mostly primary industry to secondry industry to tertiary and quaternary industry with peoples lifes improving

30
Q

What is traditional sociaety

A

Subsistence based on farming, fishing and forestry. Little trade

31
Q

Preconditions for take-off

A

Manufactoring starts to develop with infrastracture built

32
Q

Take-off

A

Rapid fgrowth with large-scale industrialisation and increase of wealth

33
Q

Driving to maturity

A

Economy growth and standards of living rises. With widespread use of technology

34
Q

Mass consumption

A

Lots of trade, good are mass produced.

People are wealthier and live in high levels of mass consumption.

35
Q

What is the alternative of rostow’s modle

A

Frank’s dependency theory

36
Q

What does franks theory suggest

A

Some poorer, weaker countries (perifery) remain poor as they are dependent pn the core countries which in the colonial period and now neo-colonial, countries are taken advantage of which is thought to be because of capitalism.

37
Q

Example of Franks theory

A

Poorer countries are encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply by develped countries. Richer countires could exploit poor countires by interfering in polotics, loaning money with high rates of interest.

38
Q

What is globalisation

A

The process of all world’s systems and cultures becoming more intergrated

39
Q

Why des globalisatin happen

A

Movement of moeny and people between coutnries because of things like improvment of ICT or transport

40
Q

TNC’s

A

They are comapnies that produce products, sell products located in more than one country. Examples are Sony which is manifacutred in China and Japan.

41
Q

How do TNCs increase globalisation

A

Through linking countires together through production and sale. They also bring culture from their original country and promote culture of consumerism

42
Q

How does free trade promote globalisation

A

Gonverment increase globalisation by promoting free trade makinng it much easier to move goods, money and services between countires

43
Q

Investment

A

Governments compete to attract investment by TNC’s which they think will bring jobs, increasing taxes and promote economic growth

44
Q

Privatisation

A

Governments hand over services and industries to private companies

45
Q

Why could globalisation be bad for poor countries

A

TNCs ussually profit their headquaters so poorer countires struggle to compete with the free trade.
Free movment of labour results in poor countires as in richer countires there are high wages and better living conditions

46
Q

What is top-down approaches

A

It is a largegovernment organisation (IGO) oa TNC which makes decisions about how to increase development

47
Q

What is bottom-up approaches

A

Local people and communties decide on ways to improve their communitywith help ofnon-governemtal organisations (NGOs)

48
Q

Top-down aims and scale

A

Often used for large projects that aim to solve large scale problems to improve lots of lives. They are very expensive which are funded by either TNCs, governements and may have to be payed back later.

49
Q

Scale and aims of bottom-up approaches

A

Usingsmall scale with aims on improve quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable peple in society. The projects are usually cheap with most of the money coming from charites and donations.

50
Q

Technology of top-down projects

A

Often high tech and energy intensive. Construction is usually machinery andtech with skilled workers neededfrom developed countries. The recipientcountry becomes dependent on the tech and workers from the donor for operation and matinence

51
Q

Bottom-up technology

A

Involves intermediate technology and can be taufght to the residents

52
Q

What is intermediate technology

A

Tech that is ussually cheap, made out of local materials, and is simple to use and build, so locals can be taught about it. They are also cheap and easy to maintain.

53
Q

IGO inter governmental organisations disadvantages

A

Large projects ar often expensive and the coutnrty may have to pay back leading to debt
May not benefit everyone espcially the poor who need it the most
Gonvernments could be corrupt
Causes pollution as mot rely on energy

54
Q

Example of bottom-up aid

A

ASTRA whci is an NGO project using intermediate tech to reduce time wasting of (mainly) women collecting fire wood for energy

55
Q

What are the social benefits of ASTRA in rural India

A

Cheap use of local material
Uses cow dung (two cows for four peole to live on) and takes the methane from it and turns in into energy as a biofuel.
This improves womens health as they have less air pollution in cramped spaces with smoke from timer wood.
More equality as women have time to educate them self as they aren’t collecting wood

56
Q

What are the economic benefits of ASTRA in rural India

A

Farmers can gain more crop yield from the soil as it has more nutrients (feritle and can sells them more more money).
They can move to subsistent farming

57
Q

Enviromental benefits

A

Less deforestation from cutting wood for fuel
Plants are more fertiesed as the compost is more nutritous from the slurry forcing down the ethanol by the water
Soil doesn’t dry up as there is a mixture of water in the slurry.

58
Q

Why is India an emerging coutnry

A

It has the second largest pop in the world
It was colonised by britain
As raw materials for trade as it is very large
Large coastline (pouts) for global trade
Has politcal tension with packistan though

59
Q

India’s economy has changed how since 1990

A

India is getting rapidly wealthier with GDP from 0.3 tp 2.1 trillion
GNI/capita is 390 to 1600 $ in 2015
GDP and India’s economy has grown 7%
Primary and secondry industry employ 69% of the workforce, but contributed less than half of India’s GDP
India’s tertiary services with high tech quatenary industry hugely in recent years to 45% of GDP
India is in a great position for East-West trading route which transports oil from the Middle East.
India’s exports and imports has increased mssively from 1990 to 2015 over over 150 billion for both.

60
Q

How is develpment in India affected population

A

Birth rat is high as death rate has fallen, due to better health care and health education. Indias pop is now on 1.3 billion and life expectance has increased from 58 to 68 in 2014 from 1990
However, fertility rate has decreased from 1990 due to more wealth and education. Though, inequality has increased from rapi economic growth

61
Q

Economic development prositives

A

Better health
Higher education meaning higher literancy rate (59%)
Better gendre equality

62
Q

Economic negatives

A

More dangerous jobs with poor conditions
Youg people moving to urban areas will result in less workers in rural workers
Children in rural areas have poor education
Lots of gendre inequality

63
Q

Economic development imapcts on enviroment

A

Industrialisation leads to higher energy consumption. India releases 7% of the worlds global greenhouse gases
More factories and cars means more air pollution.more than 0.5 mill people die of diseae related to air pollution
About 70% of India’s sewage goes to rivers leading to water pollution from uraban sprawl.

64
Q

Who is India memebers in for international organizations

A

Founded members of united nations which works for sustainable development
They are also part of the world trade and a memeber of G2O which is part of thw wold’s largest economies

65
Q

Costs and benefits of changing international relations:

A

Costs- increasing tension with indiea and china to develop their nations so that they don’t lose economic power as they grow

Benefits- improve relationships means india can cooperate wih other countries on global issues like climate change or global trade agreements and FDI economic benefit.

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