Deveolpment And Dynamics Flashcards
What does development mean
A countries political, social and economic progress and improvement (which is sustainable)
What is GDP- groos domestic product
The total value of goods a countries produce per year
What is GDP per capita?
GDP divided by the pop of a country.
What is GNI- gross national income?
Total value of good and services produced by a country a year, including overseas.
What is Birth rate?
Live babies born per thousand
What is Death rate
Deaths per thousand
What is Fertility rate
Average number of births per women
What is Infant mortality rate
Number of babies who died under 1 year old, per thousand babies born
What is Maternal mortality rate
Number of women who die from due to pregnancy per thousand
What is the Gini coefficient
A measure of economic inequality. (0 is equal and 1 is ineqaulity)
What is the Gender inequaity index.
Number thats calculated using data on women’s rites and health. The higher the score the more inequality
What is HDI
Number calculated using life expectancy, education and income per head. Every country is measured between 0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed)
What is Corruption perceptions index (CPI)
A measure of level of corruption that is believed to exist on a public sector on a scale 1-100. (Lower is more curruption)
Developing countires graph characteristics
Chad
High fertility and birth rate means wide base
High death rate and low life expectancy means a narrow apex
Lots more children that older people means concsve sides
Emergyping countries
India
Lower fertility rate mesns narrow base
Improvemof health care means higher life expectsncy so wider apex
Convex sides as lower proportion of children to adults
Developed countries
Uk
Low fertility rates because of equlity meaning narrow base
Good health care means low death rate meaning wide apex
Wide convex structure as there are more old people thsn children (middle pf graph buldges)
How does climate effect the development of a country
Weather could result is poor farming reducing food produce (malnutition). Fewer crops to sell means less money to spend on goods or services.
How does topography effect the development of a country
Steep land won’t produce lots of food and is difficult of infrastructure
Continentslity and distance from sea can make it harder for global trade.
How does education effect the development of a country
Less skilled workforce means a country can produce limmitted goods and offer services (lack of trade or investment)
Educated people also earn more meaning pay more taxes.
How does health effect the development of a country
Lack of clean water and poor health care means more disease and higher death rate
Ill people can’t work or contribute to the economy and may need expensive medication
Increas of spending health means less money available for development spending.
How does colonialism effect the development of a country
Countries that were colonised often are at a lower level of developement and dependence
Countries raw materials are removed and sold back for sxpensive manifactured goods.
How does neo-colonialism effect the development of a country
After colonies are gained independence, richer countries continue to control them indirectly
Soms TNC’s exploit cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countires
International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, meaning they have to develop in a way the donors want
How does economic and political facotrs effect the development of a country
Authorisation from governments can put development policies in place which could be good or very wrong. (Democratic government is less extreme than interest groups).
Corruption can hinder developments by tsking money from the poeple
Good international relationships can also help with trade deals or loans for defelopment projecte
Uneven spread of wealth
20% of the worlds coutnries have 70.1% of the worlds wealth
Education in poorer coutnries
They can’t afford education so many people don’t go to school and instead have to work for their family
Lack of education means low paid jobs and most likely do agricultral jobs
Politics in poorer countries
Inequality increases as political instability and crimein very common.
This could result in civil war in developig countires which would most liely increae the povery
Developinng countries ae usually dependent on richer countries, meaning less influence on their development decisons.
Global inequalities causing enviromental problems
More consumption of food, water and energy goes to the wealthier putting pressure on scare resources, increasing industrial processes.
Many delevoped countries have factories or buy goods produces in poor countries causing local pollution.
Poorer people might only be able to afford firewood for their energy source causing deforestation.
Waste is dumped and untreated sewedge causes chemical waste and run-off to farmland and water sources
What are the five stages of Rostow’s theory
1, traitioanl society 2, preconditions for take-off 3, take-off 4, drive to maturity 6, mass consumption
What does Rostow’s mdernisation theory predict
How a country’s economy changes over time, from relying on mostly primary industry to secondry industry to tertiary and quaternary industry with peoples lifes improving
What is traditional sociaety
Subsistence based on farming, fishing and forestry. Little trade
Preconditions for take-off
Manufactoring starts to develop with infrastracture built
Take-off
Rapid fgrowth with large-scale industrialisation and increase of wealth
Driving to maturity
Economy growth and standards of living rises. With widespread use of technology
Mass consumption
Lots of trade, good are mass produced.
People are wealthier and live in high levels of mass consumption.
What is the alternative of rostow’s modle
Frank’s dependency theory
What does franks theory suggest
Some poorer, weaker countries (perifery) remain poor as they are dependent pn the core countries which in the colonial period and now neo-colonial, countries are taken advantage of which is thought to be because of capitalism.
Example of Franks theory
Poorer countries are encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply by develped countries. Richer countires could exploit poor countires by interfering in polotics, loaning money with high rates of interest.
What is globalisation
The process of all world’s systems and cultures becoming more intergrated
Why des globalisatin happen
Movement of moeny and people between coutnries because of things like improvment of ICT or transport
TNC’s
They are comapnies that produce products, sell products located in more than one country. Examples are Sony which is manifacutred in China and Japan.
How do TNCs increase globalisation
Through linking countires together through production and sale. They also bring culture from their original country and promote culture of consumerism
How does free trade promote globalisation
Gonverment increase globalisation by promoting free trade makinng it much easier to move goods, money and services between countires
Investment
Governments compete to attract investment by TNC’s which they think will bring jobs, increasing taxes and promote economic growth
Privatisation
Governments hand over services and industries to private companies
Why could globalisation be bad for poor countries
TNCs ussually profit their headquaters so poorer countires struggle to compete with the free trade.
Free movment of labour results in poor countires as in richer countires there are high wages and better living conditions
What is top-down approaches
It is a largegovernment organisation (IGO) oa TNC which makes decisions about how to increase development
What is bottom-up approaches
Local people and communties decide on ways to improve their communitywith help ofnon-governemtal organisations (NGOs)
Top-down aims and scale
Often used for large projects that aim to solve large scale problems to improve lots of lives. They are very expensive which are funded by either TNCs, governements and may have to be payed back later.
Scale and aims of bottom-up approaches
Usingsmall scale with aims on improve quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable peple in society. The projects are usually cheap with most of the money coming from charites and donations.
Technology of top-down projects
Often high tech and energy intensive. Construction is usually machinery andtech with skilled workers neededfrom developed countries. The recipientcountry becomes dependent on the tech and workers from the donor for operation and matinence
Bottom-up technology
Involves intermediate technology and can be taufght to the residents
What is intermediate technology
Tech that is ussually cheap, made out of local materials, and is simple to use and build, so locals can be taught about it. They are also cheap and easy to maintain.
IGO inter governmental organisations disadvantages
Large projects ar often expensive and the coutnrty may have to pay back leading to debt
May not benefit everyone espcially the poor who need it the most
Gonvernments could be corrupt
Causes pollution as mot rely on energy
Example of bottom-up aid
ASTRA whci is an NGO project using intermediate tech to reduce time wasting of (mainly) women collecting fire wood for energy
What are the social benefits of ASTRA in rural India
Cheap use of local material
Uses cow dung (two cows for four peole to live on) and takes the methane from it and turns in into energy as a biofuel.
This improves womens health as they have less air pollution in cramped spaces with smoke from timer wood.
More equality as women have time to educate them self as they aren’t collecting wood
What are the economic benefits of ASTRA in rural India
Farmers can gain more crop yield from the soil as it has more nutrients (feritle and can sells them more more money).
They can move to subsistent farming
Enviromental benefits
Less deforestation from cutting wood for fuel
Plants are more fertiesed as the compost is more nutritous from the slurry forcing down the ethanol by the water
Soil doesn’t dry up as there is a mixture of water in the slurry.
Why is India an emerging coutnry
It has the second largest pop in the world
It was colonised by britain
As raw materials for trade as it is very large
Large coastline (pouts) for global trade
Has politcal tension with packistan though
India’s economy has changed how since 1990
India is getting rapidly wealthier with GDP from 0.3 tp 2.1 trillion
GNI/capita is 390 to 1600 $ in 2015
GDP and India’s economy has grown 7%
Primary and secondry industry employ 69% of the workforce, but contributed less than half of India’s GDP
India’s tertiary services with high tech quatenary industry hugely in recent years to 45% of GDP
India is in a great position for East-West trading route which transports oil from the Middle East.
India’s exports and imports has increased mssively from 1990 to 2015 over over 150 billion for both.
How is develpment in India affected population
Birth rat is high as death rate has fallen, due to better health care and health education. Indias pop is now on 1.3 billion and life expectance has increased from 58 to 68 in 2014 from 1990
However, fertility rate has decreased from 1990 due to more wealth and education. Though, inequality has increased from rapi economic growth
Economic development prositives
Better health
Higher education meaning higher literancy rate (59%)
Better gendre equality
Economic negatives
More dangerous jobs with poor conditions
Youg people moving to urban areas will result in less workers in rural workers
Children in rural areas have poor education
Lots of gendre inequality
Economic development imapcts on enviroment
Industrialisation leads to higher energy consumption. India releases 7% of the worlds global greenhouse gases
More factories and cars means more air pollution.more than 0.5 mill people die of diseae related to air pollution
About 70% of India’s sewage goes to rivers leading to water pollution from uraban sprawl.
Who is India memebers in for international organizations
Founded members of united nations which works for sustainable development
They are also part of the world trade and a memeber of G2O which is part of thw wold’s largest economies
Costs and benefits of changing international relations:
Costs- increasing tension with indiea and china to develop their nations so that they don’t lose economic power as they grow
Benefits- improve relationships means india can cooperate wih other countries on global issues like climate change or global trade agreements and FDI economic benefit.
