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A-Level Geography > Tectonic Processes and Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Processes and Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The partially molten part of the mantle on which Earth’s tectonic plates lie

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2
Q

Benioff Zone

A

The zone where the descending oceanic plate is in contact with the contact with the continental plate as it is subducted. It is a zone of earthquake activity created by friction between the two plates

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3
Q

Convection

A

The movement of mantle material in cells when heated by radiation from the Earth’s core

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4
Q

Crustal fracturing

A

Occurs when the earth’s crust causes rock to break and fracture under stress and strain caused by seismic stresses

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5
Q

Hotspot

A

An intra-plate location where magma from the mantle has broken through a weak spot in the crust

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6
Q

Intra- plate earthquake

A

Earthquakes that occur away from the plate boundaries and closer to the middle of the tectonic plate

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7
Q

Liquefaction

A

Groundwater or loose soil and sediments are shaken during an earthquake so that the ground loses cohesion and acts like a fluid

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8
Q

Lithosphere

A

The rigid, outermost layer of the earth from which tectonic plated are formed. It is made up of the crust and upper mantle

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9
Q

Magnitude

A

The amount of energy released by a tectonic event

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10
Q

Mantle plume

A

Hotter areas of the mantle that move upwards underneath the crust and push it up. They can cause weak spots in the crust that can become hotspots.

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11
Q

Mercalli scale

A

An earthquake intensity scale based on 12 levels of damage to areas

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12
Q

Moment magnitude scale

A

The most accurate magnitude scale, it measures the total energy released by an earthquake

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13
Q

Palaeomagnetism

A

When magma and lava solidify, the iron materials in the rock align with the Earth’s magnetic field, permanently recording the direction

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14
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

The movement of oceanic crust away from a constructive plate boundary, as a recorded by the magnetic stripes in the basaltic rock

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15
Q

Seismic waves

A

The shockwaves created by the release of tension at the focus

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16
Q

Slab pull

A

At a subduction zone the descending part of the oceanic

plate pulls the rest of the plate with it

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17
Q

Subduction

A

The melting of the oceanic plate as it descends into the mantle at a convergent boundary

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18
Q

Water column displacement

A

The movement of a volume of seawater above the point at which the seabed was moved up or down by an earthquake event, such as a thrust

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19
Q

Volcanoes

A

Vents in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash and gases erupt

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20
Q

Earthquakes

A

Vibrations in the Earth’s crust caused by the sudden release of stored energy

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21
Q

Plate boundaries

A

Form where two tectonic plates meet. Plate boundary type depends on plate motion (the direction the pates are moving) and plate type (oceanic or continental crust)

22
Q

Tsunami

A

A wave or series of waves caused by a disturbance on the sea floor

23
Q

Seismic wave

A

Waves of energy that travel through the Earth’s layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and large landslides

24
Q

Primary effect

A

Occur as direct impact of the tectonic hazard eg. ground shaking

25
Q

Secondary effect

A

Occur as the result of a primary effect

26
Q

Core

A

The centre of Earth that is very hot and emits radioactivity due to the isotopes present

27
Q

Mantle

A

It is made up of magma (semi-molten rock), which the core heats up and creates convection currents, causing the plates to move

28
Q

Tectonic plates

A

A massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere

29
Q

Hazard risk equation

A

A tool used to measure risk by taking in account the hazard, the vulnerability and the capacity to cope of the country/location

30
Q

Vulnerability

A

The risk of exposure to hazards combined with the inability to cope with them

31
Q

Hazard profiles

A

Diagram showing the main physical characteristics of different types of tectonic hazards

32
Q

Resilience

A

The ability of a community to cope with a hazard: protect lives, livelihoods, infrastructure from destruction and to restore areas

33
Q

PAR Model

A

Tool used to understand how vulnerable a country is and why through suggesting the importance of socio-economic context of a hazard

34
Q

Governance

A

The ways that individuals and institutions manage their affairs

35
Q

Level of development

A

How developed a country is based on their level of social and economic development

36
Q

Hazard

A

A threat (whether natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage, socio‑economic disruption or environmental degradation

37
Q

Disaster

A

A major hazard event that causes widespread disruption to a community or region that the affected community is unable to deal with adequately without outside help

38
Q

Risk

A

The probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences: deaths, injuries, property damage, economy and environment)

39
Q

Hazard event

A

The occurrence (realisation) of a hazard, the effects of which change demographic, economic and/or environmental conditions

40
Q

Mega-disasters

A

High-magnitude, high impact, infrequent disasters that affect multiple countries directly or indirectly

41
Q

Multiple hazard zones

A

Places where two or more natural hazards occur, and in some cases can interact to produce complex hazards

42
Q

Hazard resistant design

A

Constructing buildings and infrastructure that are strong enough to resist tectonic hazards

43
Q

Forecasting

A

Much less precise than predicting, and provides a ‘percentage chance’ of a hazard occurring

44
Q

Hazard management cycle

A

The sequence of governance of a natural hazard: preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation

45
Q

Park’s hazard response curve

A

A model describing the decline and recovery of a country over time, following a natural disaster

46
Q

Modifying the event

A

Mitigating the impacts of a hazard, by reducing its areal extent or effective magnitude, BEFORE it strikes (long term)

47
Q

Modifying vulnerability

A

Getting people out of the way of the hazard, or helping them to cope by building resilience, BEFORE the hazard strikes (short term)

48
Q

Modifying loss

A

Reducing the short and term losses by acting to aid recovery and reconstruction, AFTER the hazard strikes (short and long term)

49
Q

Community preparedness

A

The ability of communities to prepare, with stand and recover from a tectonic event

50
Q

Land-use zoning

A

Building infrastructure in areas that are not vulnerable to tectonic hazards

51
Q

Sendai Framework

A

First major agreement that provides Member States with concrete actions to protect development gains from the risk of disaster

52
Q

Prediction

A

Knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial and temporal scale that can be acted on meaningfully in terms of evacuation

A-Level Geography (9 decks)

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