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A-Level Geography > Tectonic Hazard Management > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazard Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prediction?

A

Knowing when + where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial + temporal scale, that can be acted on, meaning in terms of evacuation

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2
Q

What is forecasting?

A

Much less precise and provides a “percentage chance” of a hazard occurring

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3
Q

Why is it impossible to modify loss ofearthquakes?

A

Rapid speed of onset

BUT can modify the impact on people

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4
Q

Can you predict earthquakes?

A

NO

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5
Q

Why can’t you predict earthquakes?

A

Random spatial predictability, large areal extent + rapid speed of onset

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6
Q

Even though you can’t predict earthquakes, what else can you do?

A

Areas of high risk = risk forecasting

“Seismic gap” areas = not experienced an earthquake in a while = high risk

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7
Q

Can you predict volcanic eruptions?

A

YES

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8
Q

How can you predict volcanic eruptions?

A

Monitoring equipment can measure changes in magma chamber
Tiltmeters record “bulges” as magma rises
Seismometers record minor earthquakes = magma movement
Gas spectrometer analyse gas emissions, which show increased likelihood of eruptions

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9
Q

Can you predict tsunami?

A

PARTLY

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10
Q

Which type of tsunami cannot be predicted?

A

Earthquake-induced tsunami

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11
Q

How can you predict a tsunami?

A

Ocean monitoring equipment such as DART can detect changes in wave sizes
Info then relayed back to coastline

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12
Q

What are the two main categories of hazard management?

A

Mitigation

Adaptation

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13
Q

What is mitigation?

A

Actions + interventions taken to reduce vulnerability

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14
Q

What is adaption?

A

Actions taken to adjusr to living with tectonic hazards

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15
Q

What is the hazard management cycle?

A

Illustreates differnet stahes of managing hazards in an attempt to reduce the scale

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16
Q

What are the stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

Response
Rehabilitation (recovery)
Mitigation
Preparedness

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17
Q

What is the response stage in the hazard management cycle?

A

Immediate help
In form of rescue + aid
To keep people alive

18
Q

What is the rehabilitation (recovery) stage in the hazard management cycle?

A

Rebuilding infrastructure

Rehabilitating injured people + their lives

19
Q

What is the mitigationstage in the hazard management cycle?

A

Acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster
Land-use zoning
Hazard - resistant infrastructure

20
Q

What is the preparedness stage in the hazard management cycle?

A

Evacuation systems
Community education
How to act before, during + after
Prediction technology

21
Q

What does the recovery stage depend on?

A

Magnitude of disaster
Dvelopment level
Governance
External help

22
Q

What can the recovery stage also be known as?

A

“Returning back to normal” stage

This can happen in a few months but take years for another country

23
Q

How can the hazard be managed?

A

Modify event
Modify vulnerability
Modify loss

24
Q

What is modifying the event?

A

Changing the tectonic event by reducing its areal extent + effective magnitude

25
Q

What is modifying vulnerability?

A

Plan strategies to make the area/population more resilient

26
Q

What is modifying the loss?

A

Reducing short + long term losses by acting to aid recovery + reconstruction

27
Q

What are examples of modifying the event strategies?

A

Lava diversions

Tsunami walls

28
Q

What are the advantages + disadvantages of lava diversions?

A 
Cheap
Reduce harm - A
Cheap - A
Overtopped -D
Only work for low VEI basaltic lava - D
29
Q

What are advantages + disadvantages of tsunami walls?

A 
Dramatically reduce damage - A
Provide sense of security - A
Can use mangrove trees - A
Can be expensive - D
Restrict economic growth - D
Can be overtopped - D
30
Q

What are examples of modifying vulnerability strategies?

A

Land - use zoning

Aseismic building

31
Q

What is land-use zoing + aseismic buildings?

A

Cross-weights + deep foundations prevent damage from earthquakes
Don’t build at low-lying areas, volcanoes or areas of liquefaction

32
Q

What are the advantages + disadvantages of land-use zoning + aseismic buildings?

A

Protect property, people + reduces damage
Can be high cost
Older buiildings tend not to be protected
Strict building regulations
Prevent economic development

33
Q

What are examples of modifying the loss strategies?

A

Aid

Insurance

34
Q

What are the advantages + disadvantages of aid + insurance?

A

Can be shprt + long term
Prevent secondary deaths
But can’t always be available to developing countries due to cost + corrupt governance

35
Q

What is the most effective way of modifying loss?

A

Aid as it has the most significant impact
Reduces secondary impacts
Essential for short term recovery + developing countries

36
Q

How can the effectiveness of modifying the vulnerability be reduced?

A

Cry wolf syndrome

37
Q

What is also another strategy of modifying the vulnerability?

A

PREDICTIONS

38
Q

What can be shown on Park’s Model?

A

It is a disaster response curve

And shows the importance of recovery

39
Q

What does Park’s model look like?

A

Curve over time against the quality of life

AFTER a natural hazard

40
Q

What is prediction vital for?

A

To manage impacts of natural disaster

A-Level Geography (9 decks)

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