Tectonic Hazard Management

Question 1

What is prediction?

Answer 1

Knowing when + where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial + temporal scale, that can be acted on, meaning in terms of evacuation

Question 2

What is forecasting?

Answer 2

Much less precise and provides a “percentage chance” of a hazard occurring

Question 3

Why is it impossible to modify loss ofearthquakes?

Answer 3

Rapid speed of onset

BUT can modify the impact on people

Question 4

Can you predict earthquakes?

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

Why can’t you predict earthquakes?

Answer 5

Random spatial predictability, large areal extent + rapid speed of onset

Question 6

Even though you can’t predict earthquakes, what else can you do?

Answer 6

Areas of high risk = risk forecasting

“Seismic gap” areas = not experienced an earthquake in a while = high risk

Question 7

Can you predict volcanic eruptions?

Answer 7

YES

Question 8

How can you predict volcanic eruptions?

Answer 8

Monitoring equipment can measure changes in magma chamber
Tiltmeters record “bulges” as magma rises
Seismometers record minor earthquakes = magma movement
Gas spectrometer analyse gas emissions, which show increased likelihood of eruptions

Question 9

Can you predict tsunami?

Answer 9

PARTLY

Question 10

Which type of tsunami cannot be predicted?

Answer 10

Earthquake-induced tsunami

Question 11

How can you predict a tsunami?

Answer 11

Ocean monitoring equipment such as DART can detect changes in wave sizes
Info then relayed back to coastline

Question 12

What are the two main categories of hazard management?

Answer 12

Mitigation

Adaptation

Question 13

What is mitigation?

Answer 13

Actions + interventions taken to reduce vulnerability

Question 14

What is adaption?

Answer 14

Actions taken to adjusr to living with tectonic hazards

Question 15

What is the hazard management cycle?

Answer 15

Illustreates differnet stahes of managing hazards in an attempt to reduce the scale

Question 16

What are the stages of the hazard management cycle?

Answer 16

Response
Rehabilitation (recovery)
Mitigation
Preparedness

Question 17

What is the response stage in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 17

Immediate help
In form of rescue + aid
To keep people alive

Question 18

What is the rehabilitation (recovery) stage in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 18

Rebuilding infrastructure

Rehabilitating injured people + their lives

Question 19

What is the mitigationstage in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 19

Acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster
Land-use zoning
Hazard - resistant infrastructure

Question 20

What is the preparedness stage in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 20

Evacuation systems
Community education
How to act before, during + after
Prediction technology

Question 21

What does the recovery stage depend on?

Answer 21

Magnitude of disaster
Dvelopment level
Governance
External help

Question 22

What can the recovery stage also be known as?

Answer 22

“Returning back to normal” stage

This can happen in a few months but take years for another country

Question 23

How can the hazard be managed?

Answer 23

Modify event
Modify vulnerability
Modify loss

Question 24

What is modifying the event?

Answer 24

Changing the tectonic event by reducing its areal extent + effective magnitude

Question 25

What is modifying vulnerability?

Answer 25

Plan strategies to make the area/population more resilient

Question 26

What is modifying the loss?

Answer 26

Reducing short + long term losses by acting to aid recovery + reconstruction

Question 27

What are examples of modifying the event strategies?

Answer 27

Lava diversions | Tsunami walls

Question 28

What are the advantages + disadvantages of lava diversions?

Answer 28

``` Cheap Reduce harm - A Cheap - A Overtopped -D Only work for low VEI basaltic lava - D ```

Question 29

What are advantages + disadvantages of tsunami walls?

Answer 29

``` Dramatically reduce damage - A Provide sense of security - A Can use mangrove trees - A Can be expensive - D Restrict economic growth - D Can be overtopped - D ```

Question 30

What are examples of modifying vulnerability strategies?

Answer 30

Land - use zoning | Aseismic building

Question 31

What is land-use zoing + aseismic buildings?

Answer 31

Cross-weights + deep foundations prevent damage from earthquakes Don't build at low-lying areas, volcanoes or areas of liquefaction

Question 32

What are the advantages + disadvantages of land-use zoning + aseismic buildings?

Answer 32

Protect property, people + reduces damage Can be high cost Older buiildings tend not to be protected Strict building regulations Prevent economic development

Question 33

What are examples of modifying the loss strategies?

Answer 33

Aid | Insurance

Question 34

What are the advantages + disadvantages of aid + insurance?

Answer 34

Can be shprt + long term Prevent secondary deaths But can't always be available to developing countries due to cost + corrupt governance

Question 35

What is the most effective way of modifying loss?

Answer 35

Aid as it has the most significant impact Reduces secondary impacts Essential for short term recovery + developing countries

Question 36

How can the effectiveness of modifying the vulnerability be reduced?

Answer 36

Cry wolf syndrome

Question 37

What is also another strategy of modifying the vulnerability?

Answer 37

PREDICTIONS

Question 38

What can be shown on Park's Model?

Answer 38

It is a disaster response curve | And shows the importance of recovery

Question 39

What does Park's model look like?

Answer 39

Curve over time against the quality of life | AFTER a natural hazard

Question 40

What is prediction vital for?

Answer 40

To manage impacts of natural disaster