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Geography > Techtonic And Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Techtonic And Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the definition of a hazard

A

The event that has the potential to threaten life and property

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2
Q

What’s a natural hazard

A

Something we cannot control

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3
Q

What’s a human hazard

A

A hazard caused by humans

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4
Q

What’s an atmospheric hazard

A

Weather hazards such as hurricanes

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5
Q

What’s a geomorphological hazard

A

Hazards that occur on the earths suface

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6
Q

What’s a biological hazard

A

A hazard that involves living organisms such as forest fires

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7
Q

What’s a choropleth

A

A map that uses colour to show data

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8
Q

What are the most extreme places

A

High population, equator and ring of fire

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9
Q

Why is the magnitude and frequency of natural hazards increasing

A

Human influences, global warming, deforestation and urbanisation

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10
Q

What’s a plate boundary

A

Where two plates meet

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11
Q

What will you find distributed on plate boundarys

A

Volcanoes and earthquakes

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12
Q

How can plates move

A

Towards, away and side to side from each other

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13
Q

What does a constructive boundaries do

A

Makes land and has volcanoes

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14
Q

What does a conservative plate boundary do

A

Protects land and has earthquakes

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15
Q

What does a destructive-subduction plate boundary have

A

Earthquakes and volcanoes, also has a risk of Tsunamis

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16
Q

What does a destructive-collision plate boundary have

A

Mountains and earthquakes

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17
Q

What type of plates are on a constructive Plate boundary

A

Oceanic

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18
Q

Which way are the oceanic plates moving on the constructive Plate boundary

A

Opposite directions

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19
Q

What creates land

A

Underwater volcano

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20
Q

What are the different types of volcanoes

A

Shield and composite

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21
Q

At the Destructive-S Plate boundary, what are the different plates

A

Oceanic and continental

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22
Q

Which way do the destructive-S plate boundaries move

A

Towards each other

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23
Q

What are the types of plates at the conservative Plate boundary

A

Both continental

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24
Q

What is built up at a conservative Plate boundary

A

Potential elastic energy

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25
Q

What are the conservative Plate boundaries

A

Dangerous but easy to predict

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26
Q

What happens at a collision Plate boundary

A

Two continental plate boundaries are moving towards each other

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27
Q

What does the collision Plate boundary produce

A

Foal mountains and earthquakes

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28
Q

Where is Montserrat

A

Caribbean island, subductive soufriere hills

29
Q

Who evacuated the island

A

Half of the population

30
Q

Where is the exclusion zone on Montserrat

A

South

31
Q

What were the primary effects

A

2/3 of the island covered in ash, forest fires caused by pyroclastic flow

32
Q

What were the secondary effects

A

Harsh living conditions, port and airport closed

33
Q

What are the types of volcano management

A

Monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

34
Q

Name some monitoring techniques

A

Seismicity, hydrology( lake nyos ) geophysical measurement

35
Q

How can you plan for an eruption

A

Create exclusion zone, evacuation plan, food, funds

36
Q

Where does air rise

A

At the equator

37
Q

What effect does this have on the equator

A

Low pressure and rainfall

38
Q

Where does air fall

A

The poles as it’s cold

39
Q

What effect does this have on the poles

A

High pressure and dry conditions

40
Q

Where are these conditions located compared to the equator

A

30° north and south

41
Q

Where does air rise again compared to the equator

A

60° north and south

42
Q

Finally where does it descend again compared to the equator

A

90° north and south

43
Q

Explain the location of the cells

A

Hadley cell at 30°
Ferrel cell at 60°
Polar cell at 90°

44
Q

Describe a tropical storm

A

A very powerful, low pressure weather system which results in stormy winds and heavy rainfall

45
Q

Name three other names for tropical storms

A

Cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons

46
Q

What causes a tropical storm to spin

A

The Coriolis force caused by the rotation of the earth

47
Q

Which way does the air flow inside the eye

A

It descends

48
Q

What surrounds the eye and what causes this

A

Cumulonimbus clouds surround the eye and they are caused by warm moist air condensing as it rises

49
Q

How do tropical storms develop

A

Between 5° and 30° latitude
Initially move westward due to easterly winds
27°c minimum water temp
Quick draw of air causes strong winds

50
Q

Why do tropical storms lose energy when they reach land

A

Because they are no longer receiving heat energy and moisture from the ocean which is needed to drive the storm

51
Q

Why can global warming cause more places to get tropical storms

A

Because the oceans are getting heated nearer to 27°c

52
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake

A

The point inside the earths crust where the earthquake originates

53
Q

Where are the seismic waves the most powerful

A

At the epicentre

54
Q

What is the epicentre

A

The point on the earths surface directly above the focus

55
Q

How are earthquakes measured

A

On the Richter scale using seismometers

56
Q

What does the effect of an earthquake depend upon

A 
It’s size
Level of development 
Depth of focus/distance from epicentre 
Population density 
Time of day
57
Q

What is the magma chamber

A

Where molten rock is stored beneath the ground

58
Q

What is the main vent

A

The channel in which magma travels through to rea h the earths surface

59
Q

What is the secondary vent

A

Where magma escapes through the side of the volcano if the main vent becomes blocked

60
Q

What do volcanoes produce

A

Ash, lava, volcanic bombs, pyroclastic flows and lahars

61
Q

Name three positive effects of volcanoes

A

Geothermal energy can be used where magma lies close to the surface
Ash is good soil fertiliser
Volcanoes attract tourists

62
Q

Name three negative effects of volcanoes

A

Dangerous and can kill people and property
Disrupts economic activity as businesses find it hard to operate after eruption
Habitats are damaged by lava flows

63
Q

Where are composite volcanoes found

A

At destructive plate boundaries

64
Q

Name 4 characteristics of composite volcanoes

A

Acidic viscous lava
Steep sides with alternate layers of ash and lava
Violent eruptions
Longer periods of rest between eruptions

65
Q

Where are shield volcanoes found

A

Constructive plate margins

66
Q

Name 5 characteristics of shield volcanoes

A 
Basic lava, runny
Gentle sides as lava doesn’t solidify quickly 
No layers, just lava 
Less violent eruptions 
Shorter periods between eruptions
67
Q

What is used to monitor volcanoes

A

Seismometers, tiltmeters, previous eruptions and measuring temperature

68
Q

What do tiltmeters do

A

Monitor changes in landscape as volcanoes tend to swell before they erupt

69
Q

Why do people live near volcanoes

A

Fertile ground for a higher crop yield
Tourism is high so it increases local economy
Geothermal energy for cheaper electricity
Minerals such as diamonds can be mined to make money

Geography (7 decks)

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