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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes the most erosion along the coast

A

Waves

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2
Q

What’s the fetch

A

The fetch is the distance the wave has travelled to reach land

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3
Q

What are destructive waves

A

Waves that take sediment away, and that have a stronger backwash than swash

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4
Q

How much energy do destructive waves carry

A

A lot, held at the top of the wave and when it breaks the energy is released

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5
Q

What are constructive waves

A

They place sediment, and have a stronger swash than a backwash

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6
Q

What is needed for a sand dune

A

A large flat beach, tidal range, onshore wind and an obstacle to form against

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7
Q

What’s a tidal range

A

The distance between where the tide comes in and retracts

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8
Q

What’s a wave length

A

The distance between the top of continuous waves

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9
Q

What’s wave crest

A

The top of a wave

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10
Q

How does sand move

A

Mainly saltation, the suspension and creep

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11
Q

What’s the definition of weathering

A

The breaking down of rock through the weather, animals or plants

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12
Q

What comes with weathering

A

little or no movement

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13
Q

Name 4 costal processes

A

Deposition, mass movement, transportation and erosion

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14
Q

What’s windward side

A

The side of the dune that gets hit by the wind

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15
Q

What’s a crest

A

The top of the dune

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16
Q

What’s a slip slope

A

The actual slope where all the sand has fallen down

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17
Q

What’s the leeward side

A

The opposite side to the windward side, also know as the slip slope

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18
Q

What is the angle that sand becomes unstable

A

34-36 degrees

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19
Q

What happens to sand when it reaches 34 degrees

A

It collapses onto the slip side

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20
Q

What are the types of weathering

A

Mechanical and chemical

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21
Q

What are some properties of the windward side

A

Long and shallow

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22
Q

What are some properties of a slip/leeward side

A

Short and steep

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23
Q

What do dunes do

A

Migrate

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24
Q

What types of erosion are there

A

Attrition, corrosion, hydraulic action and corrasion

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25
Q

Name 3 types of mass movement

A

Land sliding, slumping and rock falls

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26
Q

What’s happens during dune migration

A

Sand is collected off the last dune, and moves until it hits another obstacle

27
Q

What is the obstacle in dune making

A

Plants or grass

28
Q

What factored influence costal change

A

Human activity, fetch length, hard and soft rock

29
Q

What’s chemical weathering caused by

A

It is caused by a chemical reaction when rainwater hits rock and decomposes it

30
Q

What is carbonation

A

It’s when carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate

31
Q

How do dunes change as they move away from the beach

A

They get taller as there is more vegetation and more sand to pick up

32
Q

What’s the water table

A

A natural level of water in the world

33
Q

What’s hydrolysis

A

When acidic rainwater breaks down the rock causing it to rot

34
Q

What’s mechanical weathering

A

Rocks being disintegrated rather than decomposed

35
Q

What does mechanical occur in

A

Extreme of temperatures

36
Q

What is a type of mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw

37
Q

What are headlands

A

Hard rocks which are left jutting out into the sea

38
Q

What’s a bay

A

An area of soft rock which has been worn away more than the headland, usually having a sandy beach

39
Q

What’s the most common feature of a coastline

A

Cliff

40
Q

How are cliffs shaped

A

Through a combination of erosion and weathering

41
Q

Name some example soft rocks

A

Sand and clay

42
Q

Name some examples of hard rock

A

Chalk

43
Q

What kind of slopes do hard and soft rock create

A

Hard=steep

Soft=gently sloping

44
Q

How is a Wave cut notch made

A

The sea erodes using attriction and make a cut in the rock

45
Q

What is a wave cut platform made

A

The slab of rock fallen from a wave cut notch

46
Q

What’s a stack

A

A tall piece of hard rock protruding from the ground

47
Q

How are stacks formed

A

A crack forms in the cliff/headlands side, water entered the weakness and starts to break it up using hydraulic action. A cave forms, but the back gets eroded away by attrition and abrasion, making an arch. The arch becomes weak due to weathering so it collapses, creating a stack. The stack is then eroded by acid rain, turing it into a stump

48
Q

What’s the definition of coastal deposition

A

When the sea loses energy and drops the sand,rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying

49
Q

What is formed due to costal deposition

A

A beach, spit or bar

50
Q

What waves enter bays

A

Constructive

51
Q

What’s the difference between sandy and pebble beaches

A

Sandy=long and flat

Pebble=short and steep

52
Q

What’s slack

A

Slow moving water

53
Q

What causes slack to drop sediment

A

The lack of energy

54
Q

What comes with a bar

A

Lagoon

55
Q

What comes with a spit

A

A salt marsh

56
Q

What are the 3 types of soft engineering

A

Beach nourishment, reprofiling and sand dune regeneration

57
Q

How is beach nourishment done

A

A dredger replenishes sand

58
Q

How is reprofiling done

A

The beach is reshaped with existing materials

59
Q

What is the difference between reprofiling and nourishment

A

Reprofiling protects locals and nourishment effects tourists

60
Q

Name 4 types of hard engineering

A

Sea walls, groynes, gabions and rock armour

61
Q

What’s the pros and cons of gabions

A

They cost £100 per metre and provide seating and look pretty

Can be dangerous to animals and humans

62
Q

What is built to prevent longshore drift

A

Groynes

63
Q

What is costal management

A

The local authority trying to protect important, high-value buildings

64
Q

Name some facts about the Holderness coast

A 
North-East of the UK
Cliff retreating at alarming rate 
Boulder clay 
Losing home and ruining businesses 
Habitats are being destroyed

Geography (7 decks)

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