Coasts

Question 1

What causes the most erosion along the coast

Answer 1

Waves

Question 2

What’s the fetch

Answer 2

The fetch is the distance the wave has travelled to reach land

Question 3

What are destructive waves

Answer 3

Waves that take sediment away, and that have a stronger backwash than swash

Question 4

How much energy do destructive waves carry

Answer 4

A lot, held at the top of the wave and when it breaks the energy is released

Question 5

What are constructive waves

Answer 5

They place sediment, and have a stronger swash than a backwash

Question 6

What is needed for a sand dune

Answer 6

A large flat beach, tidal range, onshore wind and an obstacle to form against

Question 7

What’s a tidal range

Answer 7

The distance between where the tide comes in and retracts

Question 8

What’s a wave length

Answer 8

The distance between the top of continuous waves

Question 9

What’s wave crest

Answer 9

The top of a wave

Question 10

How does sand move

Answer 10

Mainly saltation, the suspension and creep

Question 11

What’s the definition of weathering

Answer 11

The breaking down of rock through the weather, animals or plants

Question 12

What comes with weathering

Answer 12

little or no movement

Question 13

Name 4 costal processes

Answer 13

Deposition, mass movement, transportation and erosion

Question 14

What’s windward side

Answer 14

The side of the dune that gets hit by the wind

Question 15

What’s a crest

Answer 15

The top of the dune

Question 16

What’s a slip slope

Answer 16

The actual slope where all the sand has fallen down

Question 17

What’s the leeward side

Answer 17

The opposite side to the windward side, also know as the slip slope

Question 18

What is the angle that sand becomes unstable

Answer 18

34-36 degrees

Question 19

What happens to sand when it reaches 34 degrees

Answer 19

It collapses onto the slip side

Question 20

What are the types of weathering

Answer 20

Mechanical and chemical

Question 21

What are some properties of the windward side

Answer 21

Long and shallow

Question 22

What are some properties of a slip/leeward side

Answer 22

Short and steep

Question 23

What do dunes do

Answer 23

Migrate

Question 24

What types of erosion are there

Answer 24

Attrition, corrosion, hydraulic action and corrasion

Question 25

Name 3 types of mass movement

Answer 25

Land sliding, slumping and rock falls

Question 26

What's happens during dune migration

Answer 26

Sand is collected off the last dune, and moves until it hits another obstacle

Question 27

What is the obstacle in dune making

Answer 27

Plants or grass

Question 28

What factored influence costal change

Answer 28

Human activity, fetch length, hard and soft rock

Question 29

What's chemical weathering caused by

Answer 29

It is caused by a chemical reaction when rainwater hits rock and decomposes it

Question 30

What is carbonation

Answer 30

It's when carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate

Question 31

How do dunes change as they move away from the beach

Answer 31

They get taller as there is more vegetation and more sand to pick up

Question 32

What's the water table

Answer 32

A natural level of water in the world

Question 33

What's hydrolysis

Answer 33

When acidic rainwater breaks down the rock causing it to rot

Question 34

What's mechanical weathering

Answer 34

Rocks being disintegrated rather than decomposed

Question 35

What does mechanical occur in

Answer 35

Extreme of temperatures

Question 36

What is a type of mechanical weathering

Answer 36

Freeze thaw

Question 37

What are headlands

Answer 37

Hard rocks which are left jutting out into the sea

Question 38

What's a bay

Answer 38

An area of soft rock which has been worn away more than the headland, usually having a sandy beach

Question 39

What's the most common feature of a coastline

Answer 39

Cliff

Question 40

How are cliffs shaped

Answer 40

Through a combination of erosion and weathering

Question 41

Name some example soft rocks

Answer 41

Sand and clay

Question 42

Name some examples of hard rock

Answer 42

Chalk

Question 43

What kind of slopes do hard and soft rock create

Answer 43

Hard=steep | Soft=gently sloping

Question 44

How is a Wave cut notch made

Answer 44

The sea erodes using attriction and make a cut in the rock

Question 45

What is a wave cut platform made

Answer 45

The slab of rock fallen from a wave cut notch

Question 46

What's a stack

Answer 46

A tall piece of hard rock protruding from the ground

Question 47

How are stacks formed

Answer 47

A crack forms in the cliff/headlands side, water entered the weakness and starts to break it up using hydraulic action. A cave forms, but the back gets eroded away by attrition and abrasion, making an arch. The arch becomes weak due to weathering so it collapses, creating a stack. The stack is then eroded by acid rain, turing it into a stump

Question 48

What's the definition of coastal deposition

Answer 48

When the sea loses energy and drops the sand,rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying

Question 49

What is formed due to costal deposition

Answer 49

A beach, spit or bar

Question 50

What waves enter bays

Answer 50

Constructive

Question 51

What's the difference between sandy and pebble beaches

Answer 51

Sandy=long and flat | Pebble=short and steep

Question 52

What's slack

Answer 52

Slow moving water

Question 53

What causes slack to drop sediment

Answer 53

The lack of energy

Question 54

What comes with a bar

Answer 54

Lagoon

Question 55

What comes with a spit

Answer 55

A salt marsh

Question 56

What are the 3 types of soft engineering

Answer 56

Beach nourishment, reprofiling and sand dune regeneration

Question 57

How is beach nourishment done

Answer 57

A dredger replenishes sand

Question 58

How is reprofiling done

Answer 58

The beach is reshaped with existing materials

Question 59

What is the difference between reprofiling and nourishment

Answer 59

Reprofiling protects locals and nourishment effects tourists

Question 60

Name 4 types of hard engineering

Answer 60

Sea walls, groynes, gabions and rock armour

Question 61

What's the pros and cons of gabions

Answer 61

They cost £100 per metre and provide seating and look pretty | Can be dangerous to animals and humans

Question 62

What is built to prevent longshore drift

Answer 62

Groynes

Question 63

What is costal management

Answer 63

The local authority trying to protect important, high-value buildings

Question 64

Name some facts about the Holderness coast

Answer 64

``` North-East of the UK Cliff retreating at alarming rate Boulder clay Losing home and ruining businesses Habitats are being destroyed ```