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P.E Sport and Society > Technology > Flashcards

Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sports analytics:

A

The analysis of sports data using technology, tools and methods of collection in order to improve an athletes outcomes / results.

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2
Q

List some functions of sport analytics:

A
  • Monitoring fitness for performance,
  • Skill and technique development,
  • Injury prevention and rehabilitation,
  • Game analysis,
  • Talent ID and scouting.
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3
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Data that can be written down or measured precisely and numerically.

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4
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data that is descriptive and looks at the way people think and feel.

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5
Q

What is objective data?

A

Fact-based information which is measurable and usable.

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6
Q

What is subjective data?

A

Based on personal opinion which is less measurable and often less usable.

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7
Q

What is weight measured in, is this a quantitative or qualitative measure?

A

Kilograms - a quantitative measure.

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8
Q

What is obesity measured in, is this a quantitative or qualitative measure?

A

BMI - a quantitative measure.

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9
Q

Is a scouting report a quantitative or qualitative mesure?

A

Qualitative measure.

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10
Q

Most fitness tests produce what type of data?

A

Quantitative data.

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11
Q

What type of data is factual and numerical information?

A

Quantitative data.

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12
Q

The VO2 max test that is performed on a treadmill produces what type of data?

A

Quantitative data.

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13
Q

Which type of research is generally focused on words as opposed to numbers?

A

Qualitative research.

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14
Q

Which type of data is objective and which is subjective?

A

Quantitative data is objective and Qualitative data is subjective.

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15
Q

Which type of data is used to try and gain a better understanding of a participant’s experiences?

A

Qualitative data.

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16
Q

In sport psychology, what type of data would be used to explore feelings of anxiety prior to a competition?

A

Qualitative data.

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17
Q

Fact based data is known as what?

A

Objective.

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18
Q

What is validity?

A

The degree to which the data collected actually measures what it claims to measure.

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19
Q

Which aspect of the data is this question exploring? “Does the data collected measure exactly what it sets out to do?”

A

Validity.

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20
Q

What is reliability?

A

When the data collected is consistent and similar results are achieved when the data collection process is repeated at a later date.

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21
Q

What is video motion analysis?

A

A technique used to get information about moving objects from video.

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22
Q

What equipment is typically used for video motion analysis?

A

A high-speed camera and a computer with software to allow a frame-by-frame playback of the footage on video.

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23
Q

An observation produces what type of data?

A

Qualitative data.

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24
Q

Quantitative research is generally deductive research, what does this mean?

A

The scientist would start with a hypothesis and then begin experimenting to prove the hypothesis.

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25
Q

An interview produces what type of data?

A

Qualitative data.

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26
Q

Suggest some strengths of qualitative research?

A
  • Useful for in-depth study of limited cases,
  • Useful for describing complex phenomena,
  • Provides insight into individual cases / experiences,
  • Conducted in a natural setting, not laboratory,
  • Explores how and why phenomena occurs,
  • Case studies demonstrate a theory or construct.
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27
Q

Suggest some weaknesses of qualitative research?

A
  • Hard to generalise knowledge,
  • Difficult to test hypothesis and theories,
  • Lower credibility than other researchers,
  • Data analysis is time consuming,
  • Easily influenced by researchers’ personal biases.
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28
Q

Suggest some strengths of quantitative research?

A
  • Provides a precise and numerical data value,
  • Large numbers of respondents,
  • Can generalise a research finding,
  • Can eliminate influence of outside variables,
  • More credible assessment of cause-and-effect relationships,
  • Data analysis is generally less time consuming,
  • Results are independent of researchers and cannot be misinterpreted.
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29
Q

Suggest some weaknesses of quantitative research?

A
  • Theories used may not accurately reflect other’s understanding,
  • Knowledge produced may be too abstract and general for direct application,
  • Data may have been influenced by extraneous variables,
  • Researcher error in data analysis or collection.
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30
Q

If an athlete’s score on a test is 20 and then an hour later their score is 40, what can be said about the test?

A

It is unreliable, the scores are not repeatedly similar.

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31
Q

Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data.

A 
Qualitative = non-numerical / subjective,
Quantitative = numerical / objective.
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32
Q

Can a test be valid if it is not reliable?

A

Yes.

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33
Q

Can a test be reliable if it is not valid?

A

No.

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34
Q

What are smart wearable devices?

A

A device that is worn or attached to a performer’s body whilst in use providing instant feedback on aspects of performance.

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35
Q

Give examples of information that can be measured by a smart wearable device:

A
  • Heart rate,
  • Amount of calories burnt,
  • Distance covered,
  • Pace,
  • Sleep,
  • Calories.
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36
Q

What are the two distinct sport science disciplines that motion analysis can be broken down into?

A
  • Notational match analysis,

- Biomechanics.

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37
Q

What is biomechanics used for?

A

Used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements.

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38
Q

What does biomechanics involve?

A

Quantitative-based study and analysis of sports activities.

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39
Q

What is kinematics?

A

The study of the motion of bodies with respect to time, displacement, velocity and speed of movement.

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40
Q

What is notational match analysis used for?

A

Used to record aspects of individual and team performance.

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41
Q

How does notational match analysis take place?

A

Through the study of movement patterns, strategy and tactics in a variety of different sports.

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42
Q

Which discipline of motion analysis involves kinematics?

A

Biomechanics.

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43
Q

Notational match analysis is used to gather which type of data?

A

Objective data.

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44
Q

What is VBV?

A

Whole body vibration technology.

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45
Q

What is vibration technology used for?

A
  • Recovery,
  • Injury prevention,
  • Rehabilitation.
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46
Q

What is direct application of vibration technology?

A

Vibrations directly to the affected areas.

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47
Q

What is indirect application of vibration technology?

A

Vibrations delivered to the whole body or limb that is affected.

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48
Q

What are the possible health benefits of vibration technology?

A
  • Improved bone density,
  • Increased muscle mass,
  • Improved blood circulation,
  • Reduced joint and back pain,
  • Alleviated stress levels,
  • Boosted metabolism,
  • Delayed onset muscle soreness,
  • Maintained cartilage intensity.
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49
Q

What is electrostimulation?

A

The production of muscle contraction using electrical impulses.

50
Q

How does electrostimulation work?

A

It provides gentle external electrocution of the muscles to stimulate them.
This replicates what a brain would do to the nerves and muscles when contracting voluntarily.
The small shocks from the electrodes shock the muscles without affecting the CNS.

51
Q

What affect does electrostimulation have on the CNS?

A

No effect, the electrodes send shocks too small to affect the brain or nervous system.

52
Q

What are the positive effects of electrostimulation?

A
  • Increased strength and power,
  • Improving recovery time from training,
  • Expels lactic acid after workouts,
  • Stimulates muscles,
  • Promotes blood flow during warm-up.
53
Q

What are the negative effects of electrostimulation?

A
  • Long-term exposure is viewed as ineffective,
  • Saturation possible,
  • Over-stimulation can cause exhaustion and no longer contract.
54
Q

How should electrostimulation be used?

A

Carefully planned and integrated into a training programme for effective use as a training aid.

55
Q

How are sports analytics used in game analysis?

A
  • Providing information on player performance,
  • Allows staff to fine-tune training programmes and optimise recovery,
  • Assist coaches with tactics, formations and substitutions,
  • Comparing performance to ‘normal play’.
56
Q

What are the uses of game analytics in Talent ID and scouting?

A

Systematically profiling and bench-marking the effectiveness of performance pathways across Olympics, Paralympics etc.

57
Q

What is video anaylsis?

A

A technique used to gain information about moving objects from a video.

58
Q

Give an example of how a camera record notational match analysis during a rugby game?

A

Player movements during the match.

59
Q

Give an example of how a camera record biomechanical analysis during a rugby game?

A

The actions of an individual such as the hooker throwing the lineout ball.

60
Q

Coach logic, Dartfish and V1 sports are examples of what?

A

Video analysis software.

61
Q

What is used to record aspects of individual and team performance?

A

Notational match analysis.

62
Q

What is used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements?

A

Biomechanics.

63
Q

What do the two motion analysis disciplines have in common?

A

They both use similar methods and rely on IT for data analysis. They both use measured observation during or after an event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and valid way.

64
Q

Which aspect of the AS PE course is best suited to video analysis?

A

NEA.

65
Q

Explain he differences between the two main disciplines of video analysis?

A

Notational match analysis is used to record aspects of individual and team performance. Biomechanics is sued to analyse the sporting impact of body movements.

66
Q

What are the main benefits of video analysis?

A
  • Provides quantified data,
  • Accurate (short and long term),
  • Reliable,
  • Valid,
  • Better than coach’s/athlete’s opinions.
67
Q

What is performance analysis?

A

The provision of objective feedback to a performer who is trying to get a positive change in performance.

68
Q

What is a specific discipline that involves systematic observations to enhance performance and improve decision making, primarily delivered through provision of objective statistics and visual feedback.

A

Performance analysis.

69
Q

What is a metabolic cart?

A

An electronic medical tool that measures the body’s metabolism through the heat produced at rest.

70
Q

What is indirect calorimetry?

A

The measurement of the amount of heat and energy generated in an oxidation reaction.

71
Q

What does a metabolic cart typically contain?

A

It contains a gas analyser, breathing tubes, computer software and monitor (on a mobile push cart).

72
Q

What is calorimetry?

A

The measurement of the heat and energy eliminated or stored in any system.

73
Q

What process does a metabolic cart do to measure the body’s metabolism?

A

Calorimetry.

74
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure?

A

Respiratory Quotient and Resting Energy Expenditure:
The inspired and expired gas flows, volumes and concentrations of O2 and CO2. It allows a non-invasive measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 production.

75
Q

How is the Respiratory Quotient measured?

A

CO2 production / O2 consumption

76
Q

What is Resting Energy Expenditure?

A

The amount of energy, usually expressed in Kcal, required for a 24-hour period by the body during rest.

77
Q

What is REE measured in?

A

Kcal.

78
Q

What is a typical Respiratory Quotient?

A

0.85

79
Q

What does a Respiratory Quotient greater than 1?

A

Represents pure carbohydrate metabolism.

80
Q

What is actually measured in indirect calorimetry?

A

Volumes of O2 and CO2 inspired and expired.

81
Q

What are the main uses of indirect calorimetry?

A
  • Determining energy requirements and response to nutrition over time,
  • Calculating energy expenditure to allow determination of nutritional requirements,
  • Determine the proportion of substrates used for energy production,
  • Measures O2 consumption in shock,
  • Used in difficult patient groups (obese, burns, etc).
82
Q

Suggest a cause for inaccuracies in a metabolic cart?

A
  • Air leaks,
  • Adults only,
  • Fullness varies between patients,
  • Measures consumption not requirements.
83
Q

What does GPS stand for and what does it mean?

A

Global Positioning System, A space-based navigation system that provides location and time information.

84
Q

What is software?

A

Computer software is any set of machine-readable instructions which direct a computer’s processor to perform specific operations.

85
Q

What is hardware?

A

Computer hardware is the physical components of computers.

86
Q

Which piece of sports technology is usually worn by football and rugby players on their upper back?

A

GPS.

87
Q

What are the main things collected by a GPS tracker in rugby or football?

A

Position on the field, heart rate and distance travelled.

88
Q

Which technology is commonly used to monitor training intensities?

A

GPS.

89
Q

Which technology is used to analyse physiological demands of players, fatigue during a match and used for rehabilitation and injury prevention?

A

GPS.

90
Q

Why is GPS technology perfectly suited for real time analysis in a rugby match?

A

Personal player fitness levels, a prop may only have the capability to run for a shorter distance and can be tactically substituted when they reach a certain distance.

91
Q

There are a number of reasons for using GPS technology and work tracking of players, what are these reasons?

A
  • Ensuring training meets the demands of the games,
  • Improves strategic and tactical knowledge of coaches and players,
  • Compares players and can inform team selection,
  • Helps rehabilitation of injured players.
92
Q

What is motion tracking software?

A

Computer software which uses global positioning systems to track real-time movements of performers and provide information about performances.

93
Q

What are the main benefits of using GPS systems?

A
  • Provides valid quantitative data,
  • Comparison of player performances,
  • Improved tactical analysis,
  • Better understanding of demands of a game,
  • Faster rehabilitation of injured players.
94
Q

Suggest three ways in which data may be compromised.

A
  • Human errors,
  • Software bugs or viruses,
  • Hardware faults,
  • Errors when transferring data across computers.
95
Q

Suggest three ways of maintaining data integrity.

A
  • Regularly backing up data,
  • Controlled access to data (passwords, security measures),
  • Limiting invalid data entry,
  • Error detection / correction software for transferring data,
  • Not leaving computers unattended.
96
Q

Give an example of sports which have a GPS tracker inside the ball:

A

Aussie rules and American football.

97
Q

What effect has technology had on the equipment of disability sport?

A

Equipment has been adapted, e.g. prosthetics, wheelchairs, sit-skis.

98
Q

What is a MUGA?

A

Multi-Use-Games-Area.

99
Q

What affect has technology had on facilities (surfaces)?

A

Improved surfaces, e.g. MUGA / Stadia / 4G pitches.

100
Q

What is data integrity?

A

The accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime.

101
Q

What technology can measure ‘G’ forces in contact sports such as rugby?

A

GPS systems.

102
Q

Give examples of adapted equipment to aid the elderly:

A
  • Finger extension exerciser,
  • Low impact pedal exercise machine,
  • Exercise balance beam,
  • Advanced wheelchair designs.
103
Q

What are the positive impacts of technology on sport?

A
  • Optimised performance in a sport (aggregation of marginal gains),
  • Increased participation (adapted equipment),
  • Increased quality of surfaces,
  • Use of IT / GPS systems for short and long term development of players.
104
Q

What are the negative impacts of technology on sport?

A
  • Technology is expensive (generating inequalities),
  • Finances better invested in participation,
  • Pure quantitative data can be misleading,
  • Can lead to ‘paralysis by analysis’ (players and coaches becoming over-reliant on data),
  • Placebo effect.
105
Q

What is ‘paralysis by analysis’?

A

When the players and coaches become too reliant on data.

106
Q

What are the positive impacts of technology on the performer?

A
  • Improved clothing / footwear,
  • Improved equipment,
  • Improved protective equipment,
  • Improved recovery from training,
  • Improved recovery from injury / rehabilitation,
  • Detailed analysis of performance via GPS data,
  • Improved sleep enabling technology,
  • Increased knowledge of diet and supplements,
  • Advancements in drug testing technology.
107
Q

What are the negative impacts of technology on the performer?

A
  • Leads to injury,
  • Leads to over-aggression,
  • Leads to cheating (advanced drugs),
  • Can be expensive and unaffordable to some.
108
Q

What are the positive impacts of technology on the coach?

A
  • Highly detailed individual player analysis,
  • Video analysis of matches to develop tactics etc,
  • Developing specific training programmes for identified weaknesses,
  • Scouting other teams to develop game plans for their weaknesses.
109
Q

What are the negative impacts of technology on the coach?

A
  • Over-emphasis on performance analysis data,

- Computers are open to potential hacking, exploited weaknesses by oposition.

110
Q

What are the positive impacts of technology on the spectator?

A
  • Improved knowledge (fully informed with stats available),
  • More involved (‘ref-link’, Hawkeye, etc),
  • Fewer incorrect decisions,
  • Increased excitement and tension.
111
Q

What are the negative impacts of technology on the spectator?

A
  • Loss of respect for the official as the ‘final decision maker’,
  • Inconsistency in use of technology because of costs,
  • Breaks in play can be disruptive to the flow of the game,
  • Over-reliance of technology.
112
Q

What is ‘ref-link’ and what are the benefits?

A

The spectator can hear what the referee says, this improves the experience for the spectator and may cause the players to behave better.

113
Q

Give an example of a clothing technology in cycling:

A

Lycra shorts / lightweight protective equipment.

114
Q

Give an example of a footwear technology:

A

Football blades / running shoes.

115
Q

Give an example of a surfaces technology:

A

All-weather / artificial pitches.

116
Q

Give an example of a facilities technology:

A

Sport-specific venues / climate control.

117
Q

Give an example of a cameras technology:

A

Photo-finish sprinting / action replays / TMO.

118
Q

Give an example of a computers technology:

A

Storage of information / match analysis.

119
Q

Give an example of a software technology:

A

Technique analysis / Coach-logic etc.

120
Q

Which technology is used in international cricket and tennis?

A

Hawk-eye Technology.

121
Q

How do basketball referees use technology in reference to the shot clock?

A

They use replay systems to make sure the shots are taken within the allocated time.

122
Q

What is the main use of technology in football matches?

A

Goal-line technology.

P.E Sport and Society (11 decks)

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