Industrial and Post-Industrial

Question 1

In the pre-industrial period, society was a two-tier class system, how did this change in the industrial revolution?

Answer 1

Society became a three class system with the introduction of a middle class:

• Rich landowners,
• Profit-making businessmen,
• Poor workers.

Question 2

In the pre-industrial period, society was very rural as the main jobs were in agriculture, how did this change in the industrial revolution?

Answer 2

Society became more urban (town) based as more jobs opened up in factories and training.

Question 3

What time period was the Industrial and post-industrial times?

Answer 3

1780 - 1900.

Question 4

What was the class system like in the post-industrial revolution society?

Answer 4

It was a 3 tier class system;

• Rich land-owners
• Profit-making business-men
• Poor workers

Question 5

What was the main source of income for most people (in the working-class)?

Answer 5

They worked in factories for a very low pay.

Question 6

Where did people live during the post-industrial society?

Answer 6

People lived in more town and cities due to huge amounts of urbanisation and movement from rural to urban places in search for work in factories.

Question 7

What was the type of recreation mainly played during the post-industrial revolution?

Answer 7

Rational recreation.

Question 8

Post-revolution the game of mob football became increasingly unpopular with local authorities, who eventually moved to ban the game, why was this?

Answer 8

• People were getting hurt and therefore couldn’t work.
• Society was becoming more civilised.
• Rational recreation was becoming an alternative.
• Urbanisation led to a lack of space to play mob games.

Question 9

The industrial revolution led to a lack of space, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 9

There was a lack of space for traditional mob games due to a lack of open countryside areas.

Question 10

The industrial revolution led to poor health, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 10

The factory work resulted in pollution and widespread illness which meant people were less inclined to take part in popular recreation.

Question 11

The industrial revolution led to development of laws and prevention of violence, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 11

Popular recreation such as mob football was violent and dangerous. The revolution began to create a more civilised society were these games could not be played as they had violent principles.

Question 12

After the industrial revolution, health and hygiene improved massively, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 12

In the second half of the 19th century, doctors were introduced and some factories started to acknowledge standards of care for their employees, this meant people became healthier and more wanted to participate in rational recreation.

Question 13

After the industrial revolution, factories began to gradually increase wages, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 13

People could spend money on facilities and equipment for sport, they could also afford to take half days off to participate in sport.

Question 14

After the industrial revolution, factories began to give people Sundays off, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 14

This meant people could take part in sport on their day off.

Question 15

After the industrial revolution, the church began to develop the values of athleticism, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 15

Athleticism became popular as the church encouraged “Muscular Christianity” where people are strong and fit.

Question 16

After the industrial revolution, there was a sense of industrial patronage, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 16

Factories set up football and athletic teams and workers had a sense of pride for being involved and representing their teams.

Question 17

After the industrial revolution, transport developed and improved, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 17

This meant people could travel to fixtures and tournaments to play against other teams within the region.

Question 18

After the industrial revolution, many sports were played in public schools across the country, what effect did this have on recreation?

Answer 18

These public schoolboys would often go on to become influential individuals and began to create NGBs for sports.

Question 19

Who formed NGBs?

Answer 19

The ex-public school boys.

Question 20

Urbanisation led to a lack of space, how did this lead to the development of sports?

Answer 20

This led to the development of purpose-based facilities.

Question 21

Urbanisation led to a large working-class population, how did this lead to the development of sports?

Answer 21

These people needed entertaining, resulting in spectator and participation numbers rising.

Question 22

Urbanisation led to a loss of traditional sports, how did this lead to the development of sports?

Answer 22

Mob games were banned and there was a chance for new sports to emerge.

Question 23

Urbanisation led to a change in working conditions, how did this lead to the development of sports?

Answer 23

Workers were gradually given more free time which could be used to play sport.

Question 24

How did transport and communication developments positively affect sports?

Answer 24

Literacy more people could read match rules or reports;
There were more roads and railways for travelling to matches;
The media spread rules and results widely.

Question 25

How did the church promote sports such as football (not mob football)?

Answer 25

• Provided facilities.
• Encouraged rational recreation.
• Encouraged christian values.
• Created Sunday school and church teams.
• Established youth sports teams.
• Promoted ‘muscular christianity’ through sports.

Question 26

What is muscular christianity?

Answer 26

A christian life of brave and cheerful physical activity.

Question 27

What is social control?

Answer 27

Rules and systems put in place to prevent rebellion and social change.

Question 28

Why did the church promote sports such as football (not mob)?

Answer 28

• In order to counter immoral behaviour.
• Less time gambling and drinking.
• Maintaining social control.
• Clergy could contact wider community.
• Attracts more people to the church.

Question 29

Football teams created by the church are still in play now, give an example of one of these teams.

Answer 29

Aston Villa

Question 30

What were broken time payments?

Answer 30

Factory owners gave the working class could afford to miss an afternoon of work.

Question 31

What was the importance of middle class philanthropists?

Answer 31

They built facilities such as parks and open spaces so that masses could take part, they developed public provision.

Question 32

How did sport become codified?

Answer 32

The creation of strict rules as ex-public schoolboys developed NGBs who enforced stability amongst sports.

Question 33

The rationalisation of sports took part in British public schools, many of these ex-public schoolboys would travel the world through the British Empire.
Give an example of a sport that was spread through the empire by these schoolboys:

Answer 33

India / SA = Cricket.
Australia / NZ = Rugby Union.
USA = Tennis.
UAE = Football.

Question 34

Why did NGBs form during the 19th century?

Answer 34

Codification was required.
More fixtures organised (nationally and internationally).
Leagues and competitions required.
Sport was becoming more popular.

Question 35

What was pedestrianism?

Answer 35

Where rich land-owners would race their workers against each other for entertainment, it was a primal form of gambling and speed walking.

Question 36

Define urbanisation:

Answer 36

An increase in the proportion of people living in towns compared to the countryside.

Question 37

What was industrial patronage?

Answer 37

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce.

Question 38

Where did most people live during the industrial revolution?

Answer 38

85% of people were living in urban environments.1

Question 39

Outline one positive benefit for factories developing football teams in the post-industrial society. (1)

Answer 39

• Increased health and fitness of workers.
• Better workers due to increased moral.
• More disciplined workforce.

Question 40

Which one of the following statements accurately describes the term urbanisation? (1)

a) An improvement in living conditions in run-down areas of society.
b) An increase in the proportion of people living in towns compared to the countryside.
c) The import and export of sports throughout the British Empire.
d) The movement from an industrial society to an agricultural society.

Answer 40

b) An increase in the proportion of people living in towns compared to the countryside.

Question 41

Which one of the following terms best describes a professional performer?

a) One who believes ‘the ends justifies the means’.
b) One who participates in sport ‘for the love of it’.
c) One who receives direct payment for their participation in sporting activities.
d) One who receives no payment for competing gin sport.

Answer 41

c) One who receives direct payment for their participation in sporting activities.

Question 42

What was the industrial revolution?

Answer 42

The period that marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful middle class.

Question 43

How did migration of the lower classes into urban areas lead to the decrease of popular recreation?

Answer 43

A loss of space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding.

Question 44

How did a lack of income lead to the decrease of popular recreation?

Answer 44

Low wages and poverty were evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits.

Question 45

How did poor health lead to the decrease of popular recreation?

Answer 45

Little spare income for leisure pursuits.

Question 46

How did loss of rights lead to the decrease of popular recreation?

Answer 46

Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws.

Question 47

How did a lack of public provision lead to the decrease of popular recreation?

Answer 47

No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes.

Question 48

What are the characteristics of rational recreation?

Answer 48

• Respectability
• Regionally / nationally / regularly played
• Stringent administration and codification
• Referees / officials
• Purpose-built facilities
• Skills / tactics based

Question 49

What was a philanthropist?

Answer 49

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life amongst the working class.

Question 50

Compare the characteristics of pre-industrial football and 21st century football.

Answer 50

Pre-industrial football = locally based, occasionally played, no spectators, few rules.
21st century football = globally based, regularly played, many spectators, codified.