TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle Stage 2 Flashcards
The TCA cycle is
the catabolic pathway used for oxidizing all metabolic fuels
What 3 pathways does the TCA pathway affect for oxidizing all metabolic fuels
- Oxidation: By removing hydrogen (reduces NAD+ and FAD )
- Aerobic: Only when oxygen is present. Oxygen does not participate directly in the cycle, but as the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain, it allows the re-oxidation of the coenzymes reduced in the Krebs cycle and is necessary for the cycle to move forward.
- Acetyl-CoA: the point at which lipid, carbohydrate and protein catabolism converges.
TCA Cycle characteristics:
- 8 reactions
- 3 irreversible
For each acetyl-CoA:
1 GTP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2
TCA cycle Step 1
- Condensation reaction of one acetyl-CoA and one oxaloacetate into citric acid (Citrate)
- Catalyzed by citrate synthase and CoA is released
- Hydrolysis of the thioester bound in acetyl-CoA provides the energy making this reaction favorable.
- Irreversible
TCA cycle step 2
-Isomerization of citrate into isocitrate
-Catalyzed by aconitase
-Reversible
-Done in 2 steps
TCA cycle step 3
-Decarboxylation of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate
-Catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase with coenzyme NAD+
-Done in 2 steps
-Produces one CO2 and one NADH+H+
-Irreversible
TCA Cycle step 4
-Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate into succinyl-CoA
-Catalyzed by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
-Multi-enzymes complex of 3 enzymes and 4 coenzymes
-Consumes one CoA
-Produces one CO2 and one NADH
-Irreversible
TCA Cycle step 5
-Phosphorylation of a GDP by the transformation of succinyl-CoA into succinate.
-Catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase
-Produces one GTP
-Reversible
TCA cycle step 6
-Dehydrogenation of succinate into fumarate.
-Catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase using FAD as cofactor.
-Succinate dehydrogenase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (this enzyme belongs to the complex II of the respiratory chain)
-All others TCA cycle enzymes are found in the mitochondrial matrix.
-Produces FADH2
-Reversible
TCA Cycle Step 7
-Rehydration fumarate into L-malate.
-Catalyzed by fumarase.
-Consumes one H2O
-Reversible
TCA Cycle Step 8
-Dehydrogenation of L-malate into oxaloacetate.
-Catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase with coenzyme NAD+.
-Produces one NADH
-Reversible
NOTE:
-Oxaloacetate is reaction 1
3 of the first 4 steps are irreversible so it pushes the reaction in the forward direction
-Oxaloacetate in reaction 8 is being pushed by irreversible reaction 1
Why is reaction 8 reversible
If there is less acetyl coa (not much glucose in the blood) then oxalocetate cannot produce citrate so reaction 8 becomes irreversible and will be converted back to malate
NOTE: L-malate is linked to gluconeogenesis
Stage 2 TCA cycle is regulated by 4 things
Explain the regulation of Stage 2 TCA cycle through bioavailability of substrates
- Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate for citrate synthase
- NAD+ for the other two (If were in a situation where we produce a lot of energy in the cell (NADH), NAD+ concentration is lowered because we have enough NADH and the cell doesn’t need to produce anymore so TCA cycle is slowed)
- Drop in acetyl-CoA or oxaloacetate will slow down reaction 1 producing citrate
Explain the regulation of Stage 2 TCA cycle through inhibition by products accumulation
- Citrate inhibits citrate synthase
- Succinyl-CoA inhibits citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase