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BCH3120 > Appetite Regulation > Flashcards

Appetite Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways appetite is regulated

A

1) Hormones involved in regulating appetite
2) Appetite regulation centers
3) Appetite regulation signalling to peripheral tissues

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2
Q

4 Hormones invovled in regulating appetite

A
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2
Q

Hormones invovled in regulating appetite

A
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3
Q

Leptin is coded by

A

the lep gene

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4
Q

Leptin is secreted from

A

1)White adipose tissue (WAT)
2) stomach (gastric secretion)

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5
Q

Brown adipose tissue is for

A

thermogenesis (uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation by UCP1: Lecture 7)

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6
Q

Plasma levels [blank] as amount of adipose tissue [blanks]

A

Increases x2

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7
Q

Adipose tissue role

A

Regulates body weight by signalling to the brain the amount of energy stored as fats in adipocytes

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8
Q

What is LEPR

A

Leptin receptor

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9
Q

Where is the leptin receptor found

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

Binding to LEPR leads to what 2 effects

A

1)Decrease in activity of NPY/AgRP neurons
2) Increase in activity of POMC/CART neurons

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11
Q

What happens in mice that are LEP -

A

Mice become obese and suffer from hyperphagia (abnormal increase in appetite)

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12
Q

What happens in mice that are LEP -

A

Mice become obese and suffer from hyperphagia (abnormal increase in appetite)

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13
Q

Explain why obesity leads to leptin resistance

A

Lean and obese individuals were given:
1) A meal high in carbohydrates.
2) A meal high in fat
3) or were subjected to a fasting period
-Concentration of leptin in the blood was analyzed.

Hyperleptinaemia was observed because it was shown to be associated with a decrease in Insulin production and also an increase in insulin resistance. Leading to type 2 diabetes. (stop responding to leptin because there is too much in obese people)

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14
Q

Insulin is secreted by

A

β-cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose.

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15
Q

In context of appetite regulation where are insulin receptors found

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does insulin bind to and what are the effects

A

1) Decrease in activity of NPY/AgRP neurons
2) Increase in activity of POMC/CART neurons

Which cause a decrease in appetite

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17
Q

Where does PYY3-36 of the gastroinstestinal tract originate form

A

Peptide YY (36AA) is cleaved to give PYY3-36

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18
Q

PYY3-36 is released from the gut in a [blank] and explain

A

nutrient dependent manner

Explain:
1) During fasting, low level of PYY3-36 can be found in the blood
2) It reaches a peak of blood concentration at 1-2 hours after a meal.
3) Stays in circulation for several hours

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19
Q

What does PYY3-36 bind to and its effects

A

PYY3-36 binds to Y-receptors located on NPY/AgRP neurons (mainly Y2R).
Binding of PYY3-36 to its receptors leads to decrease in activity of NPY/AgRP neurons causing decrease in appetite

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20
Q

What does PYY3-36 bind to and its effects

A

PYY3-36 binds to Y-receptors located on NPY/AgRP neurons (mainly Y2R).
Binding of PYY3-36 to its receptors leads to decrease in activity of NPY/AgRP neurons causing decrease in appetite

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21
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hunger hormone

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22
Q

Ghrelin is produced by

A

specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract

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23
Q

Ghrelin is released from [blank] and when

A

The stomach when empty

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24
Q

When is ghrelin not secreted

A

Following a meal, stretching of the stomach (and multiple other signals) stops the secretion of ghrelin

25
Q

What is ghrelins receptor and where is it found and its function

A

Receptor: ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)

Where: NPY/AgRP neurons

Function: Increase activity of NPY/AgRP neurons to increase appetitie

26
Q

T or F: The hypothalamus is an appetite regulation center

A

True

27
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in appetite regulation

A

Critical in regulation of food intake containing neural circuits, which produces a number of peptides that influence food intake.

28
Q

The hypothalamus is a cluster of interconnected nucleus, but what is one nucleus involved in appetite regulation and why

A

Arcuate nucleus (ARC) is composed of two different populations of neurons:
1) Neurons expressing orexigenic neuropeptides
-Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
-Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
2) Neurons expressing anorexigenic neuropeptides
-Pro-opiomelanocortine (POMC)
-Cocaine-amphétamine related transcript (CART)

29
Q

What does orexigeneic signals do

A

Neuropeptide stimulating appetite that leads to an increase in food intake

30
Q

What does anorexigenic signalling do

A

Neuropeptide causing a loss of appetite that leads to a decrease in food intake

31
Q

What 4 organs and their secreted circulating factors that effect food intake and how

A

1) Pancreas: Insulin
2) Adipose tissue: Leptin
3) Stomach and intestine: Ghrelin and PYY3-36

HOW: These molecules mediate their effects by signalling to the arcuate nucleus neurons.

32
Q

Pareventricular nucleus (PVN) is a [blank] and receives information from [blanks]

A

Integration center and receives information from NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART arcuate nucleus neurons

33
Q

What two anorexigenic substances (hormones) are secreted from PVN projections

A

1) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

34
Q

What two anorexigenic substances (hormones) are secreted from PVN projections

A

1) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

35
Q

Lateral hypothalamic area receives information from

A

Projections from NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART arcuate nucleus neurons

36
Q

What 2 orexigenic substances are secreted from LHA projections

A

1) Orexin-A
2) Orexin-B

37
Q

What 2 orexigenic substances are secreted from LHA projections

A

1) Orexin-A
2) Orexin-B

38
Q

Summary of the arcuate nuclues and its neurons

A

1) Arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains anorexigenic and orexigenic first-order neurons.
2) Projections from ARC neurons are connected to second-order neurons located in PVN and LHA leading to anorexigenic and orexigenic responses.

39
Q

List of appetite neurotransmitters and their effects

A
40
Q

Appetite neurontransmitters work where

A

in between the nucleus’s

41
Q

Neuropetide Y (NPY)

A

Known as the strongest orexigenic molecule and diminishes the energy expenditure of the body.

42
Q

What controls the synthesis and release of neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

Inhibited by leptin and insulin
Activated by ghrelin

43
Q

Function of the agouti gene

A

to control the differential production of melanin pigments in the skin that gives rise to the true wild-type coat color of mice.

44
Q

What is one of the best describe agouti mutations and a special name for it

A

1) gaouti mutation are the lethal yellow (AY) and viable yellow (AVY) mutations.
2) For both mutations, a portion of the agouti promoter is deleted and the consequence of this deletion is a strong and ubiquitous expression of agouti from another promoter located upstream.

The phenotype of these mutations is also known as the yellow obese syndrome.

45
Q

What is the link between agouti and AgRP

A

AgRP and agouti are coded by different genes but they are 25% identical.

46
Q

Where does agouti affect in terms of appetite

A
47
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

A

Endogenous ligand for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MCR4) and is also a precursor for other hypothalamus neurotransmitters

48
Q

MCR4 (POMC) is located on

A

PVN neurons

49
Q

POMC signalling leads to

A

an anorexigenic response (Decrease in appetite).

50
Q

Mice lacking POMC and its receptor causes what

A

obesity

51
Q

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and ACetyl-CoA carboxylase are strongly expressed where (Roles of malonyl-CoA and LCFAs in appetite control)

A

In the ARC of the hypothalamus

52
Q

Increased levels of malonyl-Coa could act as (Roles of malonyl-CoA and LCFAs in appetite control)

A

anorexigenic singals

53
Q

Injection of long chain fatty acids does what (Roles of malonyl-CoA and LCFAs in appetite control)

A

Inhibits food intake

54
Q

Inhibition of fatty acid synthase was shown to cause (Roles of malonyl-CoA and LCFAs in appetite control)

A

Weight loss through accumulation of malonyl CoA
-Was shown in obese mice C75 in image

54
Q

Inhibition of fatty acid synthase was shown to cause (Roles of malonyl-CoA and LCFAs in appetite control)

A

Weight loss through accumulation of malonyl CoA
-Was shown in obese mice C75 in image

55
Q

How malonyl coa effects other parts of metabolism

A
56
Q

How malonyl coa effects other parts of metabolism

A
57
Q

Why are celebrities taking a T2D durg to lose weight

A

Drug: Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy and Rybelsus)
It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that mimics GLP-1 to increase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. It also found to reduce food intake through a decrease in appetite and slow down of digestion the stomach.
15-30%

58
Q

Is it a good idea to get a prescription of semaglutide to lose weight?

A

As of now, no, because you are taking away a drug from somebody who need it to control a medical condition (T2D) and there is currently a shortage of this drug in some countries (Australia).
**Not approved for weight loss in Canada.

Possible side effects include: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, indigestion/heartburn, dizziness, bloating (abdominal distension), belching, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in patients with type 2 diabetes, gas (flatulence), gastroenteritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

BCH3120 (36 decks)

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