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aDEMS unit 2- Lindseys > TCA Cycle > Flashcards

TCA Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the _____ where it is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle to be oxidized to CO2.

A

mitochondria

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2
Q

Symptoms of ______ come from the inability to oxidize pyruvate.

A

Thiamine deficiency (Wernicke’s encephalopathy)

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3
Q

Name 4 vitamins that are essential to the mitochondrial coenzymes.

A
  1. thiamine (vit B1)- TPP
  2. riboflavin (vit B2)- FAD
  3. niacin- NAD
  4. pantothenate- coenzyme A
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4
Q

What is diagnostic for Thiamine deficiency (Wernicke’s encephalopathy)?

A

high levels of pyruvate in the blood

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5
Q

What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)?

A

to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

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6
Q

Name 5 coenzymes required for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

A
  1. TPP
  2. lipoic acid
  3. CoASH
  4. FAD
  5. NAD+
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7
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA via alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. A second ____ and _____ are formed here, too.

A
  • CO2
  • NADH
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8
Q

In the fasting state in the liver, pyruvate coming from lactate is converted to ______.

A

oxaloacetate

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9
Q

In step 1 of TCA, condensation btw acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate yield _____ via citrate synthase.

A

citrate

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10
Q

Succinate is oxidized to fumarate via ______ via passage of electrons to coenzyme Q via FADH in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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11
Q

Succinate is oxidized to fumarate via succinate dehydrogenase via passage of electrons to coenzyme Q via FADH in the _______.

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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12
Q

TCA and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the _____.

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

Malate is oxidized to _______ via malate dehydrogenase and the 3rd NADH is formed.

A

oxaloacetate (OAA)

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14
Q

What is regenerated at the end of TCA?

A
  • oxaloacetate
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • GTP
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15
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA via ______. A second CO2 and NADH are formed here, too.

A

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

Fumarate is hydrated to malate via ______.

A

fumarase

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17
Q

______ is hydrated to malate via fumarase.

A

Fumarate

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18
Q

Why is succinyl-CoA significant?

A
  • entrance point for aa’s that contribute to gluconeogenesis AND
  • for the products of breakdown of fatty acids w/ an odd # of Cs for gluconeogenesis
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19
Q

Isocitrate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate via ______. Here the first CO2 and NADH are also formed.

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Isocitrate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase. Here the first ____ and ____ are also formed.

A

CO2; NADH

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21
Q

______ is oxidized to oxaloacetate (OAA) via malate dehydrogenase and the 3rd NADH is formed.

A

Malate

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22
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? Where?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in the mitochondrial matrix

23
Q

Fumarate is hydrated to ______ via fumarase.

A

malate

24
Q

In step 1 of TCA, condensation btw acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate yield _____ via citrate synthase.

A

citrate

25
Q

______ is converted to succinyl-CoA via alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. A second CO2 and NADH are formed here, too.

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

26
Q

Why is alpha-ketoglutarate significant?

A

entrance point for aa’s that contribute to gluconeogenesis

27
Q

_____ is involved in glycolysis as a feedback inhibitor of PFK1.

A

Citrate

28
Q

In each turn of the TCA cycle, one acetyl group (2C) enters and _____ leave.

A

2 CO2

29
Q

Isocitrate is converted to ______ via isocitrate dehydrogenase. Here the first CO2 and NADH are also formed.

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

30
Q

Pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the mitochondria where it is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle to be oxidized to _____.

A

CO2

31
Q

______ is oxidized to fumarate via succinate dehydrogenase via passage of electrons to coenzyme Q via FADH in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

Succinate

32
Q

Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate (OAA) via ______ and the 3rd NADH is formed.

A

malate dehydrogenase

33
Q

Why is fumarate significant?

A
  • entrance point for aa’s that contribute to gluconeogenesis AND
  • it’s a byproduct of the urea cycle
34
Q

In the fed state, pyruvate can be converted to _____, an aa used for protein synthesis.

A

alanine

35
Q

Succinate is oxidized to ______ via succinate dehydrogenase via passage of electrons to coenzyme Q via FADH in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

fumarate

36
Q

______ is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase. Here the first CO2 and NADH are also formed.

A

Isocitrate

37
Q

Why is citrate significant?

A

it is where fatty acid synthesis takes off

38
Q

In the fasting state in the liver, pyruvate coming from lactate is converted to oxaloacetate by ______.

A

pyruvate carboxylase

39
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is allosterically regulated by feedback inhibition by ___, ____, ____, and ____.

A
  • ATP
  • acetyl CoA
  • NADH
  • fatty acids
40
Q

Symptoms of Thiamine deficiency (Wernicke’s encephalopathy) come from the inability to oxidize _____.

A

pyruvate

41
Q

Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate (OAA) via malate dehydrogenase and the 3rd ______ is formed.

A

NADH

42
Q

Insulin typically phosphorylates or dephosphorylates?

A

dephos

43
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to ______ via alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. A second CO2 and NADH are formed here, too.

A

succinyl-CoA

44
Q

In step 1 of TCA, condensation btw acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate yield citrate via _______.

A

citrate synthase

45
Q

Pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the mitochondria where it is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the ______ to be oxidized to CO2.

A

TCA cycle

46
Q

Why is oxaloacetate (and malate) significant?

A

gluconeogenesis from pyruvate

47
Q

Pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the mitochondria where it is converted to ______, which enters the TCA cycle to be oxidized to CO2.

A

acetyl-CoA

48
Q

What signals the phosphatase that dephosphorylates PDH to activate it?

A

Ca++

49
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is allosterically activated by ____, ____, and _____.

A
  • AMP
  • CoA
  • NAD
50
Q

Citrate is involved in glycolysis as a feedback inhibitor of ______.

A

PFK1

51
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is active in the _____ state when insulin and ADP are high.

A

de-phosphorylated state

52
Q

Excessive carb intake can lead to increased production of _______, which is converted to ______ available for fatty acid synthesis.

A

pyruvate; acetyl-CoA

53
Q

Name 7 coenzymes found in the mitochondria that help convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

A
  1. coenzyme A
  2. thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
  3. prosthetic groups
  4. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  5. nicotinamide
  6. adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
  7. lipoate
54
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) located?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

aDEMS unit 2- Lindseys (7 decks)

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