TC 3-04.4 Flashcards
Blade coning is the sum result of what two forces?
Centrifugal force
+
lifting force on the blade
Why is more power generally required to hover (IGE / OGE) as opposed to the power needed during cruise?
Rotor tip vortices that are present during a hover that make the outer portion of the blade less effective
Why is less power required for an IGE hover than an OGE hover?
Rotor tip vortices are larger during an OGE hover and effect a larger portion of each blade than during an IGE hover
Induced flow is greater during an OGE hover which decreases the AoA
What is translational lift?
Improved rotor efficiency resulting from directional flight and outrunning rotor vortices
What is the transverse flow effect?
The difference in lift of the fore and aft portions of the blade as a result of air passing over the rotor system and gaining a progressively more downward motion the further aft the air is passed through the rotor system.
When does ETL occur?
16 to 24 Knots when the rotor effectively outruns the recirculating of old rotor vortices
Autorotation converts _________ energy into _________ energy.
Potential
Kinetic
What is Bucket Speed?
Airspeed range that provides the best power margin for maneuvering flight.
When is mushing considered a critical situation?
During low altitude recoveries or engagements that require tight turning radii
What conditions can aggravate mushing?
High density altitudes and high gross weight
As air density increases, engine power output, rotor efficiency, and aerodynamic lift ______________.
(Increases / decreases)
Increases
What are the three major factors that affect aircraft performance?
Density altitude
Weight
Wind
Why is the critical angle (in reference to dynamic rollovers) considered a dynamic angle and not a static angle?
Because the critical angle changes based on external factors such as the roll rate of the aircraft.
As the roll rate increases, the critical angle decreases and vice versa.
What are the human factors of a dynamic rollover
-Inattention
-Inexperience
-Failure to take timely corrective action
-inappropriate control input
-Loss of visual reference
What five conditions can cause ground resonance?
-defective drag dampers
-improperly serviced landing gear
-hard landings on one wheel
-ground taxiing over rough terrain
-hesitant or bouncing landings
Define basic weight
The weight of an aircraft including all hydraulic and oil systems full, trapped and unusable fuel full, and all fixed equipment
Define operating weight
Basic weight plus aircrew, aircrews baggage, emergency gear, and other equipment required
does not include fuel
Define gross weight or takeoff gross weight
Operating weight plus fuel/payload
When loading a CH47’s cargo internally it is assumed that cargo is being loaded centered around the:
Centroid of each compartment
What are the three categories of external loads and which is the most stable?
High density, low density, and aerodynamic
High density is the most stable
What ATP provides guidance for handling, storage, and transportation of ammunition and explosives?
ATP 4-35.1
Whenever a helicopter loaded with ammunition and fuel as cargo takes off or lands at an airport, the ATC service of that airport shall be notified of what?
Quantity, type, and classification of the cargo
In peacetime, flying helicopters loaded with ammunition and fuel as cargo over residential areas is ____________.
Prohibited
Ice on the aircraft windscreen usually occurs first on what components
Wiper blades and arms, and the edges of the windshield
Rotor blade icing begins where?
Near the blade root
Asymmetrical ice shedding can cause what condition?
Severe vibration
Wind associated with mountains can be broken down into three main categories:
Prevailing wind
Local wind
Surface wind
Define demarcation line
The point separating upflow air from downflow air. It forms at the mountains highest point and extends diagonally upward.
Generally, the higher the windspeed and steeper the terrain, the steeper the demarcation line.
When flying in mountainous regions, aviators should be aware of the potential for altimeter errors due to what effect?
The Venturi effect. Low pressure can develop on the Leeward side of mountains. 
In Mountainous terrain, if a downdraft is encountered, what action should be performed?
Full power is applied and best rate of climb airspeed maintained. If unable to stop descent, a turn away from terrain is made. A maneuver downhill toward an area in the valley floor is attempted while maintaining Airspeed. Near the valley bottom, downdrafts begin to decrease in severity.
What is the basic rule for crossing a ridge?
Diagonally
How are escape routes assessed?
By determining where altitude can be exchanged for air speed
What two factors make overwater flight particularly challenging?
Difficulty discerning a visible horizon and a near featureless terrain
Terrain interpretation/association is more difficult when the moon is _________________.
Low on the horizon (longer shadows and less contrast)
The ability to identify man-made or natural features at night ____________ as flight altitude increases.
DECREASES
What are the three modes of terrain flight?
Low level, contour, and NOE
Describe NOE flight
-conducted at varying air speeds as close to the earths surface as vegetation and obstacles permit
-up to 25 feet over the tallest obstacle
Describe contour flight
Conducted at low altitude‘s conforming to the earths contours. Relatively constant Airspeeds and varying altitude as dictated by terrain and obstacles.
25 to 80 feet above the highest obstacle
Describe low level flight
Constant altitude and airspeed dictated by threat avoidance.
Between 80 and 200 feet above highest obstacle
What are the PZ/LZ selection considerations?
(SNOWCAL)
Size
Number and type of aircraft
Obstacles
Winds
Ground Condition
Approach/departure routes
Location
What are the hazards to terrain flight?
Meteorological, physical, human
(MPH)
What are the three techniques of movement and when are they used?
Traveling: when the enemy contact is unlikely
Traveling overwatch: when speed is essential and enemy contact is possible
Bounding overwatch: when enemy contact is expected
What are the four categories of horizontal distance in formation flight?
Tight-2 disks
Close- 3 to 5
Loose- 6 to 10
Extended- >10
What types of vertical separation are used in formation flight?
Flat, stepped up, or stepped down
