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Anatomy Unit 4 > TBL 29 > Flashcards

TBL 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What bones form the walls of the orbits?

A

Medial: ethmoid
Lateral: zygomatic and greater wings of sphenoid bone
Floor: maxilla
Roof: frontal bone

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2
Q

Where is the optic canal?

A

Just medial to the superior orbital fissure

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3
Q

What are bands of dense connective tissue that strengthen each eyelid?

A

Tarsus

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4
Q

What does the levator palpebral attach to?

A

Dermis of superior eyelid

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5
Q

What is the distal, smooth muscle portion of the levator palpebral?

A

Superior tarsal muscle that attaches to tarsus

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6
Q

What does the levator palpebral muscle serve as an antagonist to?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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7
Q

What does the puncta drain into?

A

Nasolacrimal duct that empties onto epithelial surface of inferior nasal meatus

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8
Q

What are the optic vesicles formed from?

A

Bilateral projections from neuroectoderm of diencephalon

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9
Q

What happens when the distal ends of the optic vesicles contact the surface ectoderm?

A

Invagination of vesicles and thickening of surface ectoderm forms lens placodes

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10
Q

What does invagination of optic vesicles form?

A

Double-layered optic cups

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11
Q

What does invagination of lens placodes form?

A

Lens vesicles

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12
Q

How are optic cups attached to the forebrain?

A

By optic stalks

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13
Q

How is the choroid fissure formed?

A

Invagination of the optic stalks and cups, through which the hyaloid artery courses

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14
Q

What conveys branches of the hyoid artery to the developing lens?

A

Mesenchyme that invades the inside of the optic cups via choroid fissure

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15
Q

What replaces mesenchyme when branches to the lens obliterate and disappear?

A

Vitreous body

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16
Q

What does the outer layer of the optic cups become?

A

Thin pigmented layer of retina

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17
Q

What does the inner layer of the optic cups become?

A

Thick neural layer

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18
Q

What happens when the choroid fissure fuses?

A

Transformation of optic stalk into optic nerve - central artery of retina surrounded by optic nerve fibers

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19
Q

Which layer is vascularized, choroid or sclera?

A

Choroid

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20
Q

What is the sclera continuous with posteriorly?

A

Cranial dura that covers optic nerve

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21
Q

What artery supplies the choroid and sclera?

A

Branches of ciliary artery

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22
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?

Origin?

A

Central retinal and ciliary artery in the orbit after traversing optic canal
Origin: internal carotid artery

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23
Q

What is the ratio of rods to cones?

A

15:1

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24
Q

What secretes aqueous humor into the posterior chamber?

A

Nonpigmented layer of ciliary body epithelium

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25
Q

Where does aqueous humor drain from the anterior chamber?

A

Canal of Schlemm that empties into venules of sclera

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26
Q

What muscles reside in the stroma of the iris?

A

Pupillary dilator and constrictor muscles

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27
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the posterior cornea?

A

Simple cuboidal

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28
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the anterior cornea?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

What is the attachment site for zonular fibers?

A

Capsule surrounding lens

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30
Q

What are crystallins?

A

Cytoplasmic proteins inside lens fibers generated from anterior epithelium of lens

31
Q

What cranial nerves pass from the cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure into the orbit?

A

Occulomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and abducens nerve (CN VI)

32
Q

What ganglion is located in the posterior extent of the orbit?

A

Parasympathetic ciliary ganglion

33
Q

What synapses in the ciliary ganglion?

A

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers from CN III
Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers join short ciliary nerve, branch of nasociliary nerve (from V1) for transport to ciliary muscle and pupillary constrictor

34
Q

What is the somatic sensory innervation of the short ciliary nerve?

A

Posterior aspect of the eye

35
Q

What is the somatic sensory innervation of the long ciliary nerve?

A

Cornea, conducted back to the trigeminal ganglion

Also transports sympathetic fibers to pupillary dilator muscles

36
Q

What artery arises from the internal carotid at its 180 degree turn?

A

Ophthalmic artery

37
Q

What drains into the superior ophthalmic vein?

A

Supraorbital vein

38
Q

What does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into? How does it get there?

A

Cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

39
Q

What drains into the inferior ophthalmic vein?

A

Ciliary vein

40
Q

What does the inferior ophthalmic vein drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus or pterygoid venous plexus in infratemporal fossa

41
Q

What does the central retinal vein drain into? How does it get there?

A

Cavernous sinus

Optic canal

42
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus formed by?

A

Ectodermal invagination of 1st pharyngeal cleft

43
Q

Where does the external acoustic meatus terminate?

A

At the tympanic membrane

44
Q

What happens to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal clefts?

A

Normally obliterated

45
Q

What forms the auditory tube?

A

Endoderm of the 1st pharyngeal pouch

46
Q

Where is the tympanic cavity located?

A

Petrous temporal bone

47
Q

What innervates the mucosa of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)

48
Q

What does the tympanic nerve branch off of?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

49
Q

What does the tympanic nerve innervate?

A

Mucosa and internal surface of tympanic membrane

50
Q

How does the tympanic nerve enter the tympanic cavity?

A

It pierces a fissure in the external surface of the petrous temporal bone

51
Q

What is the course of the facial nerve en route to the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Courses in facial canal within medial and posterior walls of tympanic cavity

52
Q

What happens to the chorda tympani after it arises from the facial canal?

A

Enters tympanic cavity and crosses medial surface of malleus bone en route to fissure in floor of cavity for entrance to infratemporal fossa

53
Q

What is the moveable bony chain that spans the tympanic cavity composed of?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes (lateral to medial)

54
Q

Where does the malleus insert?

A

Into the superior tympanic membrane

55
Q

Where does the stapes insert?

A

Into the membranous oval window

56
Q

What does the oval window separate?

A

Tympanic cavity and vestibule of the bony labyrinth

57
Q

How do levator and tensor palatine muscles contribute to the function of the auditory tube?

A

Levator palatine pushes against one wall, tensor palatine pulls on the other to open the pharyngotympanic tube

58
Q

What is the otic vesicle?

A

Auditory vesicle in surface ectoderm at level of hindbrain

59
Q

What happens after invagination of the otic vesicle?

A

Vesicle separates from the surface ectoderm and forms membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

60
Q

What does the bony labyrinth consist of?

A

Series of cavities in petrous temporal bone called:

Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

61
Q

What fills both the membranous and bony labyrinths?

A

CSF-like fluid

62
Q

What occupies the vestibule of the bony labyrinth?

A

Utricle and saccule

63
Q

What do outpocketings from the utricle form?

A

Semicircular ducts that fill semicircular canals of bony labyrinth

64
Q

Where does the cochlear duct extend from?

A

From saccule into cochlea of the bony labyrinth

65
Q

How is sensory information from sensory epithelia of semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule conveyed?

A

Via peripheral projecting fibers from bipolar neurons of the vestibular ganglion that synapse at sensory epithelia

66
Q

What kind of acceleration activates sensory epithelia of the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts?

A

Utricle and saccule: linear acceleration

Semicircular ducts: angular acceleration

67
Q

What is the vestibular division of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)?

A

Central axons of vestibular ganglion

68
Q

What is the cochlear division of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

A

Central projecting fibers from spiral ganglion

69
Q

How does CN VIII synapse with sensory neurons in the brainstem?

A

By traversing the internal acoustic meatus of the petrous temporal bone

70
Q

How are sound waves perceived?

A

Tympanic membrane transmits vibrations to ossicles and oval window
Vibration of oval window creates pressure waves in fluid-filled scala vestibuli that continue into scala tympani at helicotrema
Movement of spiral organ by pressure waves activates sensory cells to induce conduction of action potentials to spiral ganglion and CN VIII

71
Q

What does the round window do?

A

Dissipate hydraulic pressure in scala tympani into air of the tympanic cavity

72
Q

What do tensor tympani and stapedius muscles do?

A

Insert into the malleus and stapes, dampening oscillatory range of tympanic membrane and oval window

73
Q

What is the innervation of the stapedius muscle?

A

CN VII

74
Q

What is the innervation of the tensor tympani muscle?

A

CN V3

Anatomy Unit 4 (7 decks)

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