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Anatomy Unit 4 > TBL 28 > Flashcards

TBL 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the bilateral pterygoid canals?

A

Lateral walls of the sphenoid bone

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2
Q

Where are the superior orbital fissures?

A

Beneath the sphenoidal crests

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3
Q

What traverses the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN V1, generating frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary nerves in orbit

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4
Q

What do branches of the nasociliary nerve innervate?

A

Mucosal regions of the nasal septum and lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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5
Q

How does nasociliary nerve reach the nasal cavity?

A

Small fissures in the medial walls of the orbit

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6
Q

What lobe is lodged in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes

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7
Q

What bones form the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Ethmoid bone, frontal bone, and lesser wings of sphenoid bone

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8
Q

What bones form the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal bone, body and greater wings of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

What bones form the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital and petrous temporal bones

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10
Q

What does the clivus separate?

A

Dorsum sellae and foramen magnum

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11
Q

What nerves traverse the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX and X

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12
Q

How does CN XII exit the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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13
Q

What parts of the brain reside in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons of brainstem (clivus)

Cerebellum (occipital bone)

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14
Q

What is the cranial meninges continuous with and where?

A

Meninges of the spinal cord at the foramen magnum

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15
Q

What adheres to the inner surface of the cranium?

A

Periosteal layer of the cranial dura

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16
Q

What does the periosteal layer of the cranial dura do?

A

Adhere to the inner surface of the cranium

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17
Q

What layer of the dura mater (meningeal or periosteal) continues into the spinal dura at the foramen magnum?

A

Meningeal dura

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18
Q

List the dural infoldings

A 
Horizontal sellar diaphragm (smallest infolding, covers hypophyseal fossa)
Cerebral falx (separates cerebral hemispheres)
Cerebellar tentorium (separate occipital lobes from cerebelum)
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19
Q

Where does blood in the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain?

A

IJV

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20
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

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21
Q

What drains into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior cerebral veins

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22
Q

What traverses the jugular foramina?

A

IJV

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23
Q

What are the tributaries of the cavernous sinuses?

A

Superior ophthalmic (primary tributary), capillary plexuses of pituitary gland, central retinal, and inferior ophthalmic veins

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24
Q

What drains the cavernous sinuses?

A

Inferior petrosal sinuses into sigmoid sinuses

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25
Q

What do the inferior petrosal sinuses drain?

A

Cavernous sinus

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26
Q

What happens to the basilar plexus?

A

After receiving blood from the inferior petrosal sinus, it traverses the foramen magnum and join internal vertebral plexus of the spinal cord

27
Q

What veins empty into the pterygoid venous plexus?

A

Veins accompanying branches of the middle meningeal artery

28
Q

What nerves is the dura innervated by? How is pain perceived?

A

CN V1, V2, V3, and peripheral fibers from DRG @ C2 and C3

Pain perceived in the scalp, nasal or oral mucosae, or skin of the face or neck

29
Q

What is the pia?

A

Several layers of fibroblasts linked by tight junctions and separated by loose connective tissue, adhering to the surface of the brain

30
Q

What creates a venous pathway for metastasis from distant tumors to the brain?

A

Connection of the basilar plexus to the internal venous plexus of the spinal cord

31
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A 
Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
Diencephalon (optic vesicles)
Hypothalamus
Infundibular stalk
Pons nervosa
32
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A

Mesencephalon

33
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata of the brainstem)

34
Q

What forms the cranial part of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

35
Q

What does the neural tube lumen form?

A

Central canal of the spinal cord
Lateral (1st and 2nd) ventricles in telencephalon
3rd ventricle in diencephalon in diencephalon
Cerebral aqueduct in mesencephalon
3th ventricle in metencephalon and myelencephalon

36
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A network of vessels in the ventricles that produces 500 ml CSF/day

37
Q

How does CSF flow between ventricles?

A

Inferiorly from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle in diencephalon, inferiorly to 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct, into subarachnoid space

38
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns? What do they do?

A

Enlargement of the subarachnoid space in certain areas along the base of the brain
Prevent compression of cranial nerve roots and cerebral arterial circle against cranial base

39
Q

What is ependyma?

A

Ciliated, simple cuboidal epithelium in central canal of spinal cord and ventricular system of brain that contributes to flow of CSF by ciliary action

40
Q

What are protrusions of the arachnoid through the meningeal dura called? What is their purpose?

A

Arachnoid granulations

Increase surface area for absorption of CSF into venous sinuses

41
Q

List glial cells

A

Ependyma (flow of CSF by ciliary action)
Microglial cells (act as phagocytes, remove debris, protect brain from pathogens)
Astrocytes
Oligodentrocytes (support/myelinate axons in CNS)

42
Q

What is the ratio of glial cells to neurons?

A

10:1

43
Q

What forms the blood-brain barrier?

A

Basement membrane covering capillary endothelium and foot processes of astrocytes

44
Q

What is the path of the vertebral arteries?

A

Ascend from subclavian arteries in transverse foramina of cerival vertebrae
Near foramen magnum, vertebral arteries perforate the dura and arachnoid to enter the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord
Continue through foramen magnum into subarachnoid space of medulla oblongata
Unite at inferior border of the pons to form the basilar artery

45
Q

What is series of arteries that extend from the vertebral arteries?

A

Subclavian, vertebral, basilar, left/right posterior cerebral

46
Q

What traverses the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery into middle cranial fossa

47
Q

How does the internal carotid artery course within the middle cranial fossa?

A

Anteriorly within the carotid groove to the anterior clinoid process
Makes 180 degree turn
Pierces dura and arachnoid to enter subarachnoid space, becoming cerebral part of the internal carotid

48
Q

How are the internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries connected?

A

Posterior communicating artery

49
Q

What does the internal carotid terminally bifurcate into?

A

Anterior and middle cerebrl arteries (united by anterior communicating artery between anterior cerebral arteries)

50
Q

What is the name of the cerebral arterial circle and what does it create anastomoses between?

A

Arterial circle of Willis

Connects basilar artery with left and right internal carotids

51
Q

What does the pituitary gland develop from?

A

Rathke’s pouch and infundibular stock

52
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

An ectodermal outpocketing from the roof of the oral cavity

53
Q

What is the infundibular stalk?

A

Downward extension of neural ectoderm from the diencephalon

54
Q

What is the anterior lobe called? What is its derivation?

A

Pars distalis, oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

55
Q

What is the posterior lobe called? What is its derivation?

A

Pars nervosa, neural ectoderm (infundibular stalk)

56
Q

From where do the hypophyseal arteries arise?

A

Internal carotids

57
Q

What does the superior hypophyseal artery supply?

A

Capillary plexus in the median eminence (upper end of infundibular stalk that attaches to the hypothalamus)

58
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

Upper end of the infundibular stalk that attaches to the hypothalamus

59
Q

What does the capillary plexus of the median eminence empty into?

A

Hypophyseal portal veins that unit with a secondary capillary plexus in the anterior lobe

60
Q

Where is the secondary capillary plexus of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior lobe

61
Q

What do the inferior hypophyseal arteries supply?

A

Capillaries of the posterior lobe

62
Q

What do the hypophyseal capillary plexuses drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus

63
Q

What do cells of the anterior pituitary lobe secrete?

A

Growth hormone (growth of bones, muscles, and viscera)
Prolactin (milk production during pregnancy)
ACTH (activate, synthesize, and release cortisol from adrenal cortex)

64
Q

How does secretion by the posterior pituitary lobe work?

A

Clusters of secretory neurons form paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus
Axons of secretory neurons form hypothalamohypophyseal tract, which descends into posterior lobe
ADH discharged from axon terminals of supraoptic neurons into capillaries of the posterior lobe
ADH acts on collecting ducts of kidney to concentrate urine

Anatomy Unit 4 (7 decks)

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