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Adolescents Development > TB - Ch 13 > Flashcards

TB - Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

substance abuse

A

The misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life.

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2
Q

externalizing disorders

A

Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency.

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3
Q

internalizing disorders

A

Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety.

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4
Q

comorbid

A

Co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time.

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5
Q

problem behavior syndrome

A

The covariation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality.

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6
Q

social control theory

A

A theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society’s main institutions.

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7
Q

negative emotionality

A

The presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress.

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8
Q

anhedonic

A

Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression.

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9
Q

Monitoring the Future

A

An annual survey of a nationwide sample of American 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders, mainly known for its data on adolescent substance use.

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10
Q

binge drinking

A

Consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicator of alcohol abuse.

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11
Q

gateway drugs

A

Drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other, more dangerous substances.

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12
Q

developmental trajectories

A

Patterns of change over time.

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13
Q

protective factors

A

Factors that limit individual vulnerability to harm.

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14
Q

dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward.

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15
Q

conduct disorder

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others.

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16
Q

oppositional-defiant disorder

A

A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness.

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17
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others.

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18
Q

psychopaths

A

Individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others.

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19
Q

callous-unemotional traits (CU)

A

A cluster of traits characteristic of psychopathic individuals, which includes a lack of empathy and indifference toward the feelings of others.

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20
Q

aggression

A

Acts done to be intentionally harmful.

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21
Q

juvenile offending

A

An externalizing problem that includes delinquency and criminal behavior.

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22
Q

delinquency

A

Juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system.

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23
Q

criminal behavior

A

Crimes that are dealt with in the criminal justice system, regardless of the age of the offender.

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24
Q

status offenses

A

Violations of the law that pertain to minors but not adults.

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25
Q

age–crime curve

A

The relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalence of offending peaks in late adolescence.

26
Q

authority conflicts

A

A type of antisocial behavior characterized by stubbornness and rebelliousness.

27
Q

covert antisocial behavior

A

A type of antisocial behavior characterized by misdeeds that are not always detected by others, such as lying or stealing.

28
Q

overt antisocial behavior

A

A type of antisocial behavior characterized by aggression toward others.

29
Q

life-course-persistent offenders

A

Individuals who begin demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood.

30
Q

adolescence-limited offenders

A

Antisocial adolescents whose delinquent or violent behavior begins and ends during adolescence.

31
Q

hostile attributional bias

A

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.

32
Q

evidence-based practices

A

Programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis.

33
Q

multisystemic family therapy

A

An intervention designed to reduce antisocial behavior that has been proven to be effective.

34
Q

depression

A

A psychological disturbance characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness, and difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities.

35
Q

oxytocin

A

A hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others.

36
Q

suicidal ideation

A

Thinking about ending one’s life.

37
Q

non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

A

Deliberate attempts to hurt oneself in nonlethal ways, including cutting or burning one’s skin.

38
Q

suicide contagion

A

The process through which learning about another’s suicide can lead people to try to take their own lives.

39
Q

diathesis–stress model of depression

A

A perspective on depression that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition.

40
Q

neuroendocrine

A

Referring to activity in the brain and nervous system.

41
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

A type of psychotherapy, commonly used to treat depression and anxiety, in which the focus is on changing maladaptive and habitual patterns of thinking and acting.

42
Q

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

A

A type of psychotherapy, commonly used to treat depression and anxiety, in which the focus is on changing dysfunctional patterns of interacting with others.

43
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

A class of antidepressant medications that has proven to be effective with adolescents suffering from internalizing problems, such as depression.

44
Q

resilience

A

The ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity or stress.

45
Q

primary control strategies

A

Coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressor.

46
Q

secondary control strategies

A

Coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor.

47
Q

Risk factors that heighten or diminish adolsences risk for problem behavior in both US and china

A
  1. predespoction to violence is enharated
  2. biologicaly based differences in arousal, sensation seeking, and fearlessness
  3. early familt context frams problem behavior as a adaptive responce to a hostile enviorment
48
Q

use drugs at lower rates

A

forgen born and less americanized youth

49
Q

more likely to drink than black youth

A

white, latinx, and native american

50
Q

risk factors for substance abuse

A

psychological (certine personality charatristics, impusicity, inattentivvness, sensation seeking, especally poor inpulse and sencation seeking)
family (distant, hostile, or confliceted)
socal (more likely to have friends that use/abuse)
contextual (enviorment that meks it easer, more alcohol stores etc.)

51
Q

more dangerous to drink young

A

brain is plastic - canges that last long time
can drink more and not feel the negative consequences vs adults

52
Q

externalizing probmesn

A

conduct disorder
agression
Juvinile offending

53
Q

ae group most likrly to be victom of theft

A

adolsencts

54
Q

reason vilence and agression are strongly linked to poverty

A

1 parents less effective in monotoring and nurtering
2 concentrated powert upsets socal fabic of neighborhood -more difficult to provide guidence needed
3 iner city unimployment, agression is used to demonstrate standing and power (which is done in middle calss through occuptional sucess)

55
Q

Condlusions of school schootings

A

1 are more rare than street shootings (and more common in rural and suburban than city)
2 use legaly purchased, multiple wepons, that obtain from family members
3 substance use is often assocated with stree but not with school (mental heath issues often in school but not street)
4 street shooters - history of violence, disopline issues and exposere to violence school shoters do not

56
Q

adolsenct violence is often the long term concequence of these peoesses that begin early in life

A

picture

57
Q

chartasitcs of consitantly qlinquent youngsters

A

1 children who become dilquent have hisotres of agression and antisocal behavior identifiable in childhood
2 have promblem in self regulation
3 score low on starnderzed tests of intelegence and neuopsychological funationing and preform poorly in school

think strong biological presipostion twards antisocal behavior (reslt of low leves of seritonin) , emotonal ststem eaily aroused, diffult to regualte, and temerment makes hard to control and easier to be rejected (hostile atributiaonl bias)

58
Q

stratiges for preventing externalizing problems

A

1 teach how to resist peer presure and settle conflicts without agression
2 train parents to monotor
3 treat delequency serously

59
Q

sex differences in depression (resoning)

A

1
-the bodily changes of puberty, especially when they occur early in adolescence, are more likely to be stressful for girls than boys;
- girls are more likely than boys to experience multiple stressors at the same time (for example, going through puberty while making the transition into junior high school)
- girls are likely to experience more stressful life events than boys, including sexual abuse and harassment.
2
more likely to regact to stress by turning feelings inward
3
freater orentation twars and sensitivity to interpersonal realtinships

60
Q

risk factors for suicide

A

1 having a psychiatric problem, especially depression or substance abuse
2 having a history of suicide in the family
3 being under stress, especially in the areas of achievement
4 being ­victimized or bullied
5 and, especially, experiencing parental rejection, maltreatment, family disruption, or extensive family conflict

61
Q

enviormental influences on depression/stressors

A

1 more comon in families with high conflit and low cohesion
2 who are unpopular, poor peer relationships, are bullies, or have friends who are depressed
3 more chronic and acute adversity suh as loos of parent maltreatment and poverty

62
Q

makes some adolsencens more vonulrable to effects of stress

A

1 one exasterbatted by other stressers
2 have other resources - better able to cope
3 more effective coping stratages

Adolescents Development (9 decks)

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