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Adolescents Development > TB - Ch 13 > Flashcards

TB - Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

substance abuse

A

The misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life.

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2
Q

externalizing disorders

A

Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency.

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3
Q

internalizing disorders

A

Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety.

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4
Q

comorbid

A

Co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time.

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5
Q

problem behavior syndrome

A

The covariation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality.

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6
Q

social control theory

A

A theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society’s main institutions.

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7
Q

negative emotionality

A

The presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress.

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8
Q

anhedonic

A

Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression.

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9
Q

Monitoring the Future

A

An annual survey of a nationwide sample of American 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders, mainly known for its data on adolescent substance use.

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10
Q

binge drinking

A

Consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicator of alcohol abuse.

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11
Q

gateway drugs

A

Drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other, more dangerous substances.

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12
Q

developmental trajectories

A

Patterns of change over time.

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13
Q

protective factors

A

Factors that limit individual vulnerability to harm.

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14
Q

dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward.

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15
Q

conduct disorder

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others.

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16
Q

oppositional-defiant disorder

A

A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness.

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17
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others.

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18
Q

psychopaths

A

Individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others.

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19
Q

callous-unemotional traits (CU)

A

A cluster of traits characteristic of psychopathic individuals, which includes a lack of empathy and indifference toward the feelings of others.

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20
Q

aggression

A

Acts done to be intentionally harmful.

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21
Q

juvenile offending

A

An externalizing problem that includes delinquency and criminal behavior.

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22
Q

delinquency

A

Juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system.

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23
Q

criminal behavior

A

Crimes that are dealt with in the criminal justice system, regardless of the age of the offender.

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24
Q

status offenses

A

Violations of the law that pertain to minors but not adults.

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25
age–crime curve
The relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalence of offending peaks in late adolescence.
26
authority conflicts
A type of antisocial behavior characterized by stubbornness and rebelliousness.
27
covert antisocial behavior
A type of antisocial behavior characterized by misdeeds that are not always detected by others, such as lying or stealing.
28
overt antisocial behavior
A type of antisocial behavior characterized by aggression toward others.
29
life-course-persistent offenders
Individuals who begin demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
30
adolescence-limited offenders
Antisocial adolescents whose delinquent or violent behavior begins and ends during adolescence.
31
hostile attributional bias
The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.
32
evidence-based practices
Programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis.
33
multisystemic family therapy
An intervention designed to reduce antisocial behavior that has been proven to be effective.
34
depression
A psychological disturbance characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness, and difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities.
35
oxytocin
A hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others.
36
suicidal ideation
Thinking about ending one’s life.
37
non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
Deliberate attempts to hurt oneself in nonlethal ways, including cutting or burning one’s skin.
38
suicide contagion
The process through which learning about another’s suicide can lead people to try to take their own lives.
39
diathesis–stress model of depression
A perspective on depression that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition.
40
neuroendocrine
Referring to activity in the brain and nervous system.
41
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
A type of psychotherapy, commonly used to treat depression and anxiety, in which the focus is on changing maladaptive and habitual patterns of thinking and acting.
42
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
A type of psychotherapy, commonly used to treat depression and anxiety, in which the focus is on changing dysfunctional patterns of interacting with others.
43
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A class of antidepressant medications that has proven to be effective with adolescents suffering from internalizing problems, such as depression.
44
resilience
The ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity or stress.
45
primary control strategies
Coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressor.
46
secondary control strategies
Coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor.
47
Risk factors that heighten or diminish adolsences risk for problem behavior in both US and china
1. predespoction to violence is enharated 2. biologicaly based differences in arousal, sensation seeking, and fearlessness 3. early familt context frams problem behavior as a adaptive responce to a hostile enviorment
48
use drugs at lower rates
forgen born and less americanized youth
49
more likely to drink than black youth
white, latinx, and native american
50
risk factors for substance abuse
psychological (certine personality charatristics, impusicity, inattentivvness, sensation seeking, especally poor inpulse and sencation seeking) family (distant, hostile, or confliceted) socal (more likely to have friends that use/abuse) contextual (enviorment that meks it easer, more alcohol stores etc.)
51
more dangerous to drink young
brain is plastic - canges that last long time can drink more and not feel the negative consequences vs adults
52
externalizing probmesn
conduct disorder agression Juvinile offending
53
ae group most likrly to be victom of theft
adolsencts
54
reason vilence and agression are strongly linked to poverty
1 parents less effective in monotoring and nurtering 2 concentrated powert upsets socal fabic of neighborhood -more difficult to provide guidence needed 3 iner city unimployment, agression is used to demonstrate standing and power (which is done in middle calss through occuptional sucess)
55
Condlusions of school schootings
1 are more rare than street shootings (and more common in rural and suburban than city) 2 use legaly purchased, multiple wepons, that obtain from family members 3 substance use is often assocated with stree but not with school (mental heath issues often in school but not street) 4 street shooters - history of violence, disopline issues and exposere to violence school shoters do not
56
adolsenct violence is often the long term concequence of these peoesses that begin early in life
picture
57
chartasitcs of consitantly qlinquent youngsters
1 children who become dilquent have hisotres of agression and antisocal behavior identifiable in childhood 2 have promblem in self regulation 3 score low on starnderzed tests of intelegence and neuopsychological funationing and preform poorly in school think strong biological presipostion twards antisocal behavior (reslt of low leves of seritonin) , emotonal ststem eaily aroused, diffult to regualte, and temerment makes hard to control and easier to be rejected (hostile atributiaonl bias)
58
stratiges for preventing externalizing problems
1 teach how to resist peer presure and settle conflicts without agression 2 train parents to monotor 3 treat delequency serously
59
sex differences in depression (resoning)
1 -the bodily changes of puberty, especially when they occur early in adolescence, are more likely to be stressful for girls than boys; - girls are more likely than boys to experience multiple stressors at the same time (for example, going through puberty while making the transition into junior high school) - girls are likely to experience more stressful life events than boys, including sexual abuse and harassment. 2 more likely to regact to stress by turning feelings inward 3 freater orentation twars and sensitivity to interpersonal realtinships
60
risk factors for suicide
1 having a psychiatric problem, especially depression or substance abuse 2 having a history of suicide in the family 3 being under stress, especially in the areas of achievement 4 being ­victimized or bullied 5 and, especially, experiencing parental rejection, maltreatment, family disruption, or extensive family conflict
61
enviormental influences on depression/stressors
1 more comon in families with high conflit and low cohesion 2 who are unpopular, poor peer relationships, are bullies, or have friends who are depressed 3 more chronic and acute adversity suh as loos of parent maltreatment and poverty
62
makes some adolsencens more vonulrable to effects of stress
1 one exasterbatted by other stressers 2 have other resources - better able to cope 3 more effective coping stratages

Adolescents Development (9 decks)

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