Class 9,10 - Psychoscoal Problems Flashcards
Teen ___% rise in mortality rates compared to childhood
200
Adolescents more likely than adults > 25 to:
Binge drink
Smoke cigarettes
Have casual sexual partners
Engage in violent or other criminal behavior
Have fatal or serious automobile crashes
(Heightened risk-taking behaviors (e.g., reckless driving, binge drinking))
By the time they are seniors teens __
But after pot __
75% have tried alcohol
45% have smoked cigarette
43% have tried marijuana
32% have smoked marijuana at least once in past year
19% in the last 30 days
But after marijuana use of other drugs drops off considerably—
only 9% used illicit drugs other than pot in last 30 days
Excessive drinking responsible for more than __ deaths among underage youth
4300
Underage drinkers consume
8th vs 12th grade drinking
Underage drinkers consume more per occasion than adults
10% of 8th graders and 17% of 12th graders had a drink in past 30 days –2015 Monitoring the Future
Youth who start drinking before age 15 are ___ more likely to __
Youth who start drinking before age 15 are six times more likely to develop alcohol dependency or abuse later in life
(vs. those who begin binge drinking at or after 21)
teen risks in lab vs real world
Teens take more risks in the “real world” (it seems) than in experimental studies
in world - More opportunities to be exposed to risky situations
Motivational changes in transition to adolescence for risk taking
Increased sensation seeking
Influence of peer group
Greater romantic interests
Four general principles
Most problems reflect transitory experimentation
Not all problems begin in adolescence
Most problems do not persist into adulthood
Problems during adolescence are not caused by adolescence
Most problems reflect ___
transitory experimentation
rates of occasional experimentation far exceeds rates of enduring problems
Vast majority of teenagers do something against the law, very few go on to have criminal careers
Teens who experiment occasionally with risky behavior report a quality of life similar to abstainers
Most teens who have enduring problems with the law had problems ___
Most teens who have enduring problems with the law had problems at home and school at an early age
Many teens who develop depression during adolescence suffered __
other types of psychological distress, e.g., excessive anxiety, as children
just because problem desplayed durring adolsences does not mean it is a problem of adolesences
Substance abuse, delinquency and disordered eating tend ___
not to persist into early adulthood
Most teens who abused substances, committed delinquent acts or were bulimic as teens grow up to be ___
sober, law-abiding adults without eating disorders
At age 15, early maturing girls are more likely to ___
But these relationships explained by __
Caught for cheating
To have been truant
Try marijuana
6 xs more likely to have reported multiple instances of drunkenness
But these relationships explained by peer affiliation (Early-maturing girls report having older friends who engage in more risk behavior)
But these problems did not persist into early adulthood
They just went through a period during which they differed biologically from their same-age peers
Problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of ___
normative changes
e.g., “raging” hormones causing deviant behavior
e.g., rebelling against authority
e.g., unusual behavior the result of “identity crisis”
When teen exhibits a problem, e.g., depression, the worst possible interpretation is___
that it is a normal part of growing up
termoil theory
Adolescence is a normal period of symptom formation
would be psyophatological if desplayed by adults
Freudian” View
is a misconceptions
Generalization Gap
got termil theory from teens in clinical practice
if drawing infrenced from clinical sample - cannot generalize to all adolsences
when do represnative surveys - most teenares are not in termoil
Two Errors in termioul throry
Adolescence is a normal period of turmoil and psychological instability - we worry about adolsences (worry that there will be termoul)
Psychological symptoms that are observed are judged to be normal and expected - but we dont worry enough (when see termil dont worry enough)
Is adolescent personality discontinuous with childhood personality development?
No
Many infant & early childhood characteristics persist into adolescence (Resilience, self-confidence, passivity, dependency, social & intellectual competence)
Consistency in attitudes, aspirations and self-concept from early adolescence to adulthood
Characteristics persist into adolescence
Resilience, self-confidence, passivity, dependency, social & intellectual competence
Are adolescents emotionally unstable?
Few adolescents describe their lives in terms of turmoil, conflict, instability
Turmoil is the exception
Adolescent personality development is a relatively smooth process which unfolds gradually and without tumult and without incident.
what is in the incidence of mental health problems in adolescence?
20% (no issues at all)–60% (occaonal upset - not serous enough to be brough to metnal health profesonal)–20% (have serious issues)
Adolescents are no more likely to become psychologically disturbed than are adults
Adolescents are just as disposed to mental health as are adults
Is identity formation a crisis?
Identity exploration unfolds without disabling crisis
Clinically significant identity crisis is the exception
Identity formation takes place in the context of rising self-esteem and stable self-concepts
Are family relations in crisis?
Most adolescents do not reject parental values
Family relations are generally harmonious
Very few teens in “rebellion”
most teens
Respect parents
Want to be like them
Consider them reliable, sympathetic,
Express satisfaction with family life
Do not perceive major problems
But how to distinguish normal vs troubled teens?
Quanity - The more symptoms displayed
Persasaviness - The symptoms involve cognitive & behavioral problems at home, school, other contexts
Duration - The longer they last
____ the most common disturbance in adolescence
Depression
Internalizing Problems
symptoms of depression
Emotional Symptoms
Dejection
Loss of enjoyment
Low SE
Cognitive Symptoms
Pessimism
Hopelessness
Motivational Symptoms
Apathy
Boredom
Physical Symptoms
Loss of appetite
Sleep difficulty
Moods vs Syndromes vs Disorder
Mood
Feeling sad, depressed mood
Syndromes
Multiple symptoms of depression
Disorder
Having enough symptoms more severely experienced to be diagnosed with illness
Moods of depression
Sadness or depressed mood is common
A third of teens feel so sad and hopeless so often they stop usual activities
About 25% of teens regularly feel depressed mood
Syndromes and Disorder Depression
Fewer report wider range of symptoms in addition to sadness
~5% report symptoms of depressive syndrome
~3% meet DSM-IV criteria
chidnood vs adolsensces depression
4-fold increase over childhood rates
Increasing prevalence of stressful events
Cognitive changes permit introspection & rumination
Dramatic increase at time of puberty
Same changes to brain’s dopamine system that increases vulnerability to reward-seeking
Increases intensification for desire for romantic, intimate relationships
Girls vs Boys in depression
Girls more likely to have characteristics that put them at risk, even before puberty
girls more likrly than boys to have demoralizing experences
girls more likrly cope woth these things that make these worse - roominateion
What are these vulnerabilities that girls have?
Interpersonal experiences sets up girls for demoralizing experiences (girls more ready than boys to have curshes fall in love).
girls have prefrence for rumunative coping style
girls have closer friendships than boys do - close relationships buffer against emotional difficulties - But girls experience more internalizing symptoms - co rummination
co rumination
Refers to excessively discussing personal problems within a dyadic relationship
Characterized by:
Frequently discussing problems
Discussing same problem repeatedly
Mutual encouragement of discussing problems
Speculating about problems
Focusing on negative feelings
self disclosure - more negative
rummination is more social
Social process reinforced by friends’ offering support
Focus on problems and concerns
Revisiting problems, speculating on problems,
self disclosure
Friends self-disclose to one another
Positive friendship quality
Helping, companionship, emotional closeness
But intense emotional conversations are often the basis of co-rumination
Co-rumination as a specific type of self-disclosure
Associated with high-quality emotionally close friendships
Rummination
Rumination as an individual, cognitive process
Dwelling on own depressive symptoms
Focus on own negative affect
Linked with depression, anxiety, lower self-esteem
gender differences in co rumination
Girls co-ruminate more than boys
Girls spend more time in dyads
Boys spend more time in group activities like games & sports
Women and adolescent girls ruminate more than men and adolescent
Co-rumination emerges more naturally in typical interactions of girls
Lower levels of co-rumination among boys
May help buffer boys from emotional problems if they spend less time with friends dwelling on problems
But could interfere with development of high-quality close friendships
due to low levels of sharing personal thoughts & feelings
Externalizing Problems
Rates of offending peak around 17
Decreases in the 20s
“tidal wave”
Reflects “official” statistics
Anti-social behavior has earlier roots
__of NZ sample showed stable antisocial behavior since early childhood
5%
early characteristics of antisocial behavior
“difficult to manage”
restless, impulsive, emotionally labile
inability to delay gratification
kids with preschool disorders show disorders in late childhood
late childhood shows difficulties in adolescence, etc.
Adult antisocial and antisocal kids
Adult antisocial behavior almost requires childhood antisocial behavior
Most antisocial kids do not become antisocial adults
___ of crimes are committed by ___ of persistent offenders
50%
by 5-6%
high offenders began careers
earlier than low offenders
similar findings for children
most aggressive 5% of third-graders were most persistent offenders ten-years later
two conclusions from Anti-social behavior shows up early in life,
is stable thereafter
at least for some individuals
A group of extremely antisocial persons remain extreme at later ages, and in different situations
“life-course persistent”
For others, antisocial behavior is temporary and situational
“adolescence-limited
Continuity across the life-span of life persenctent
Continuity across the life-span
Biting at age 2
Shoplifting at 8
Selling drugs at 14
Fraud at 28
Cross-situational consistency of life persentent offennders
Lie at home
Steal from shops
Cheat at school
Fight in bars
Embezzle at work
heterotypic continuity”
life persestent offencers
cross sitiuational constinuity and continunity (not same activity)
% of boys and life persentance
5% of preschool boys “difficult to manage”
conduct disorders: 4-9% school-age boys
6% of boys first arrested at pre-teens
violent convictions of adult males:3-6%
men with antisocial personality: 5%
Probably the same individuals are falling into these categories across the lifecourse
5-6 of boys grow up to the 5 persent of adult
Cumulative Continuity Theory”
Beginnings in early life
Cumulative failure to form attachment bonds
Cumulative academic failure
Maintenance over the life course
Beginnings in Early Life
neuropsychological functioning compromised in early life
heritable factors that produce individual differences in neuropsych functions
exposure to toxic agents
delivery complications
neonatal deprivation of nutrition, stimulation, affection
Toddlers with neuropsychological problems
clumsy & awkward
overactive, inattentive, hard to keep on schedule
delayed in reaching developmental milestones
poor at verbal comprehension
deficient at expressing themselves
show extreme emotional reactions (“lability”)
A challenge to parenting
But parents of difficult children do not cope constructively
And contribute to dysfunctional parenting
Reciprocal cycles of coercion
Leading to parental withdrawal
Negative reinforcement of antisocial behavior (remove and inc rate)
lability
show extreme emotional reactions
Cumulative Failure to Form Attachment Bonds
difficult to manage and to love
Neglect by parents a strong predictor
Disruptive attachment bond
“working models”
Absence of loyal friendship
Unstable marital bonds
Callous treatment of others
Exploitative relationships
Neurological impairment + dysfunctional parenting
causing Cumulative Failure to Form Attachment Bonds
Cumulative Failure to Form Attachment Bonds
difficult to manage and to love
Neglect by parents a strong predictor
Disruptive attachment bond
“working models”
Absence of loyal friendship
Unstable marital bonds
Callous treatment of others
Exploitative relationships
Cumulative Academic Failure
neurological impairment limits achievement
Cognitive deficits increase likelihood of hanging out with already delinquent youth
Role of ability grouping and tracking
- Exposing at risk teens to other delinquents
is lifecourse Persistence Psychopathological?
It is statistically unusual (~ 5% of males)
It is extremely stable
It may have a biological basis
It is associated with other mental disorders
biological basis
Genetic tendency for dysregulation, low serotonin, easy arousal (poor delay of gratification)
Lower resting heart rate (“fearlessness”)
Blunted response to distress, emotional/painful stimuli (less empathy)
Abnormal brain development in regions that process emotions
“Adolescence-Limited” Antisocial Behavior
Discontinuity
Transition to antisocial behavior is abrupt
Lack consistency across situations
Offending is sporadic (and hence low agreement among observers)
High Prevalence
Delinquency is nearly normative
Aberrant to refrain
The developmental source of adolescence-limited offending is
not early life
But early adolescence
(Social mimicry?)
social mimicry
When two species share a single niche and one of the species has “cornered the market” on resources needed to promote its “fitness”
The “mimic” species adopts the social behavior of the more successful species to help obtain access to valued resources
Social mimicry explains why adolescence-limited delinquents begin to mimic the antisocial behavior of their life-course persistent peers
Delinquency must be a social behavior that allows
access to some desirable resource
Mature social status — the “trappings of adulthood”
Chronic offenders seem to bridge the “maturity gap”
i.e., the 5-10 year gap between biological maturity and social maturity
Initiation into peer group brings access to ___who provide a model of coping with maturity gap
life-course persisters
Do adolsences starting affenders Grow Out of It
good history of social adaptation
good relatinoips with familty/parents
Not motivated after moving out of maturity gap
i.e., attain status legitimately with maturity
antisocial behavior now punishing not rewarding
Have not experienced cumulative failure in academic achievement and attachment bonds
