Class 9,10 - Psychoscoal Problems Flashcards

1
Q

Teen ___% rise in mortality rates compared to childhood

A

200

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2
Q

Adolescents more likely than adults > 25 to:

A

Binge drink
Smoke cigarettes
Have casual sexual partners
Engage in violent or other criminal behavior
Have fatal or serious automobile crashes

(Heightened risk-taking behaviors (e.g., reckless driving, binge drinking))

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3
Q

By the time they are seniors teens __

But after pot __

A

75% have tried alcohol
45% have smoked cigarette
43% have tried marijuana
32% have smoked marijuana at least once in past year
19% in the last 30 days

But after marijuana use of other drugs drops off considerably—

only 9% used illicit drugs other than pot in last 30 days

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4
Q

Excessive drinking responsible for more than __ deaths among underage youth

A

4300

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5
Q

Underage drinkers consume

8th vs 12th grade drinking

A

Underage drinkers consume more per occasion than adults

10% of 8th graders and 17% of 12th graders had a drink in past 30 days –2015 Monitoring the Future

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6
Q

Youth who start drinking before age 15 are ___ more likely to __

A

Youth who start drinking before age 15 are six times more likely to develop alcohol dependency or abuse later in life
(vs. those who begin binge drinking at or after 21)

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7
Q

teen risks in lab vs real world

A

Teens take more risks in the “real world” (it seems) than in experimental studies
in world - More opportunities to be exposed to risky situations

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8
Q

Motivational changes in transition to adolescence for risk taking

A

Increased sensation seeking
Influence of peer group
Greater romantic interests

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9
Q

Four general principles

A

Most problems reflect transitory experimentation
Not all problems begin in adolescence
Most problems do not persist into adulthood
Problems during adolescence are not caused by adolescence

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10
Q

Most problems reflect ___

A

transitory experimentation

rates of occasional experimentation far exceeds rates of enduring problems

Vast majority of teenagers do something against the law, very few go on to have criminal careers

Teens who experiment occasionally with risky behavior report a quality of life similar to abstainers

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11
Q

Most teens who have enduring problems with the law had problems ___

A

Most teens who have enduring problems with the law had problems at home and school at an early age

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12
Q

Many teens who develop depression during adolescence suffered __

A

other types of psychological distress, e.g., excessive anxiety, as children

just because problem desplayed durring adolsences does not mean it is a problem of adolesences

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13
Q

Substance abuse, delinquency and disordered eating tend ___

A

not to persist into early adulthood

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14
Q

Most teens who abused substances, committed delinquent acts or were bulimic as teens grow up to be ___

A

sober, law-abiding adults without eating disorders

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15
Q

At age 15, early maturing girls are more likely to ___

But these relationships explained by __

A

Caught for cheating
To have been truant
Try marijuana
6 xs more likely to have reported multiple instances of drunkenness

But these relationships explained by peer affiliation (Early-maturing girls report having older friends who engage in more risk behavior)

But these problems did not persist into early adulthood
They just went through a period during which they differed biologically from their same-age peers

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16
Q

Problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of ___

A

normative changes

e.g., “raging” hormones causing deviant behavior
e.g., rebelling against authority
e.g., unusual behavior the result of “identity crisis”

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17
Q

When teen exhibits a problem, e.g., depression, the worst possible interpretation is___

A

that it is a normal part of growing up

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18
Q

termoil theory

A

Adolescence is a normal period of symptom formation

would be psyophatological if desplayed by adults

Freudian” View
is a misconceptions

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19
Q

Generalization Gap

A

got termil theory from teens in clinical practice
if drawing infrenced from clinical sample - cannot generalize to all adolsences

when do represnative surveys - most teenares are not in termoil

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20
Q

Two Errors in termioul throry

A

Adolescence is a normal period of turmoil and psychological instability - we worry about adolsences (worry that there will be termoul)

Psychological symptoms that are observed are judged to be normal and expected - but we dont worry enough (when see termil dont worry enough)

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21
Q

Is adolescent personality discontinuous with childhood personality development?

A

No
Many infant & early childhood characteristics persist into adolescence (Resilience, self-confidence, passivity, dependency, social & intellectual competence)

Consistency in attitudes, aspirations and self-concept from early adolescence to adulthood

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22
Q

Characteristics persist into adolescence

A

Resilience, self-confidence, passivity, dependency, social & intellectual competence

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23
Q

Are adolescents emotionally unstable?

A

Few adolescents describe their lives in terms of turmoil, conflict, instability

Turmoil is the exception

Adolescent personality development is a relatively smooth process which unfolds gradually and without tumult and without incident.

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24
Q

what is in the incidence of mental health problems in adolescence?

A

20% (no issues at all)–60% (occaonal upset - not serous enough to be brough to metnal health profesonal)–20% (have serious issues)

Adolescents are no more likely to become psychologically disturbed than are adults

Adolescents are just as disposed to mental health as are adults

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25
Is identity formation a crisis?
Identity exploration unfolds without disabling crisis Clinically significant identity crisis is the exception Identity formation takes place in the context of rising self-esteem and stable self-concepts
26
Are family relations in crisis?
Most adolescents do not reject parental values Family relations are generally harmonious Very few teens in “rebellion” most teens Respect parents Want to be like them Consider them reliable, sympathetic, Express satisfaction with family life Do not perceive major problems
27
But how to distinguish normal vs troubled teens?
Quanity - The more symptoms displayed Persasaviness - The symptoms involve cognitive & behavioral problems at home, school, other contexts Duration - The longer they last
28
____ the most common disturbance in adolescence
Depression Internalizing Problems
29
symptoms of depression
Emotional Symptoms Dejection Loss of enjoyment Low SE Cognitive Symptoms Pessimism Hopelessness Motivational Symptoms Apathy Boredom Physical Symptoms Loss of appetite Sleep difficulty
30
Moods vs Syndromes vs Disorder
Mood Feeling sad, depressed mood Syndromes Multiple symptoms of depression Disorder Having enough symptoms more severely experienced to be diagnosed with illness
31
Moods of depression
Sadness or depressed mood is common A third of teens feel so sad and hopeless so often they stop usual activities About 25% of teens regularly feel depressed mood
32
Syndromes and Disorder Depression
Fewer report wider range of symptoms in addition to sadness ~5% report symptoms of depressive syndrome ~3% meet DSM-IV criteria
33
chidnood vs adolsensces depression
4-fold increase over childhood rates Increasing prevalence of stressful events Cognitive changes permit introspection & rumination Dramatic increase at time of puberty Same changes to brain’s dopamine system that increases vulnerability to reward-seeking Increases intensification for desire for romantic, intimate relationships
34
Girls vs Boys in depression
Girls more likely to have characteristics that put them at risk, even before puberty girls more likrly than boys to have demoralizing experences girls more likrly cope woth these things that make these worse - roominateion
35
What are these vulnerabilities that girls have?
Interpersonal experiences sets up girls for demoralizing experiences (girls more ready than boys to have curshes fall in love). girls have prefrence for rumunative coping style girls have closer friendships than boys do - close relationships buffer against emotional difficulties - But girls experience more internalizing symptoms - co rummination
36
co rumination
Refers to excessively discussing personal problems within a dyadic relationship Characterized by: Frequently discussing problems Discussing same problem repeatedly Mutual encouragement of discussing problems Speculating about problems Focusing on negative feelings self disclosure - more negative rummination is more social Social process reinforced by friends’ offering support Focus on problems and concerns Revisiting problems, speculating on problems,
37
self disclosure
Friends self-disclose to one another Positive friendship quality Helping, companionship, emotional closeness But intense emotional conversations are often the basis of co-rumination Co-rumination as a specific type of self-disclosure Associated with high-quality emotionally close friendships
38
Rummination
Rumination as an individual, cognitive process Dwelling on own depressive symptoms Focus on own negative affect Linked with depression, anxiety, lower self-esteem
39
gender differences in co rumination
Girls co-ruminate more than boys Girls spend more time in dyads Boys spend more time in group activities like games & sports Women and adolescent girls ruminate more than men and adolescent Co-rumination emerges more naturally in typical interactions of girls
40
Lower levels of co-rumination among boys
May help buffer boys from emotional problems if they spend less time with friends dwelling on problems But could interfere with development of high-quality close friendships due to low levels of sharing personal thoughts & feelings
41
Externalizing Problems
Rates of offending peak around 17 Decreases in the 20s "tidal wave” Reflects “official” statistics Anti-social behavior has earlier roots
42
__of NZ sample showed stable antisocial behavior since early childhood
5%
43
early characteristics of antisocial behavior
“difficult to manage” restless, impulsive, emotionally labile inability to delay gratification kids with preschool disorders show disorders in late childhood late childhood shows difficulties in adolescence, etc.
44
Adult antisocial and antisocal kids
Adult antisocial behavior almost requires childhood antisocial behavior Most antisocial kids do not become antisocial adults
45
___ of crimes are committed by ___ of persistent offenders
50% by 5-6%
46
high offenders began careers
earlier than low offenders similar findings for children most aggressive 5% of third-graders were most persistent offenders ten-years later
47
two conclusions from Anti-social behavior shows up early in life, is stable thereafter at least for some individuals
A group of extremely antisocial persons remain extreme at later ages, and in different situations “life-course persistent” For others, antisocial behavior is temporary and situational “adolescence-limited
48
Continuity across the life-span of life persenctent
Continuity across the life-span Biting at age 2 Shoplifting at 8 Selling drugs at 14 Fraud at 28
49
Cross-situational consistency of life persentent offennders
Lie at home Steal from shops Cheat at school Fight in bars Embezzle at work
50
heterotypic continuity”
life persestent offencers cross sitiuational constinuity and continunity (not same activity)
51
% of boys and life persentance
5% of preschool boys “difficult to manage” conduct disorders: 4-9% school-age boys 6% of boys first arrested at pre-teens violent convictions of adult males:3-6% men with antisocial personality: 5% Probably the same individuals are falling into these categories across the lifecourse 5-6 of boys grow up to the 5 persent of adult
52
Cumulative Continuity Theory”
Beginnings in early life Cumulative failure to form attachment bonds Cumulative academic failure Maintenance over the life course
53
Beginnings in Early Life
neuropsychological functioning compromised in early life heritable factors that produce individual differences in neuropsych functions exposure to toxic agents delivery complications neonatal deprivation of nutrition, stimulation, affection
54
Toddlers with neuropsychological problems
clumsy & awkward overactive, inattentive, hard to keep on schedule delayed in reaching developmental milestones poor at verbal comprehension deficient at expressing themselves show extreme emotional reactions (“lability”)
55
A challenge to parenting
But parents of difficult children do not cope constructively And contribute to dysfunctional parenting Reciprocal cycles of coercion Leading to parental withdrawal Negative reinforcement of antisocial behavior (remove and inc rate)
56
lability
show extreme emotional reactions
57
Cumulative Failure to Form Attachment Bonds
difficult to manage and to love Neglect by parents a strong predictor Disruptive attachment bond “working models” Absence of loyal friendship Unstable marital bonds Callous treatment of others Exploitative relationships
58
Neurological impairment + dysfunctional parenting
causing Cumulative Failure to Form Attachment Bonds
59
Cumulative Failure to Form Attachment Bonds
difficult to manage and to love Neglect by parents a strong predictor Disruptive attachment bond “working models” Absence of loyal friendship Unstable marital bonds Callous treatment of others Exploitative relationships
60
Cumulative Academic Failure
neurological impairment limits achievement Cognitive deficits increase likelihood of hanging out with already delinquent youth Role of ability grouping and tracking - Exposing at risk teens to other delinquents
61
is lifecourse Persistence Psychopathological?
It is statistically unusual (~ 5% of males) It is extremely stable It may have a biological basis It is associated with other mental disorders
62
biological basis
Genetic tendency for dysregulation, low serotonin, easy arousal (poor delay of gratification) Lower resting heart rate (“fearlessness”) Blunted response to distress, emotional/painful stimuli (less empathy) Abnormal brain development in regions that process emotions
63
“Adolescence-Limited” Antisocial Behavior
Discontinuity Transition to antisocial behavior is abrupt Lack consistency across situations Offending is sporadic (and hence low agreement among observers) High Prevalence Delinquency is nearly normative Aberrant to refrain
64
The developmental source of adolescence-limited offending is
not early life But early adolescence (Social mimicry?)
65
social mimicry
When two species share a single niche and one of the species has “cornered the market” on resources needed to promote its “fitness” The “mimic” species adopts the social behavior of the more successful species to help obtain access to valued resources Social mimicry explains why adolescence-limited delinquents begin to mimic the antisocial behavior of their life-course persistent peers
66
Delinquency must be a social behavior that allows
access to some desirable resource Mature social status --- the “trappings of adulthood” Chronic offenders seem to bridge the “maturity gap” i.e., the 5-10 year gap between biological maturity and social maturity
67
Initiation into peer group brings access to ___who provide a model of coping with maturity gap
life-course persisters
68
Do adolsences starting affenders Grow Out of It
good history of social adaptation good relatinoips with familty/parents Not motivated after moving out of maturity gap i.e., attain status legitimately with maturity antisocial behavior now punishing not rewarding Have not experienced cumulative failure in academic achievement and attachment bonds