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Adolescents Development > TB - Ch 1 > Flashcards

TB - Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

The system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones.

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2
Q

hormones

A

Highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands.

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3
Q

glands

A

Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones

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4
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons

A

Specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones.

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5
Q

set point

A

A physiological level or setting (e.g., of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.

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6
Q

feedback loop

A

A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

One of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body.

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

A part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland.

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9
Q

gonads

A

The glands that secrete sex hormones: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries.

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10
Q

testes

A

The male gonads.

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11
Q

ovaries

A

The female gonads.

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12
Q

androgens

A

A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females following puberty.

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13
Q

estrogens

A

A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among females than males following puberty.

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14
Q

adrenarche

A

The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.

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15
Q

cortisol

A

A hormone produced when a person is exposed to stress.

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16
Q

kisspeptin

A

A brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty.

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17
Q

leptin

A

A protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.

Stimulates Kisspeptin

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18
Q

melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.

Supresses Kisspeptin

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19
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A

The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.

Cuased by simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens

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20
Q

epiphysis

A

The closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed.

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21
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

The manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.

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22
Q

Tanner stages

A

A widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development.

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23
Q

menarche

A

The time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty.

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24
Q

pheromones

A

A class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.

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25
Q

secular trend

A

The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition.

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26
Q

cross-sectional study

A

A study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time.

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27
Q

longitudinal study

A

A study that follows the same group of individuals over time.

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28
Q

plasticity

A

The capacity of the brain to change in response to experience.

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29
Q

delayed phase preference

A

A pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.

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30
Q

basal metabolism rate

A

The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state.

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31
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

A measure of an individual’s body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge overweight and obesity.

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32
Q

disordered eating

A

Mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes.

33
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss.

34
Q

bulimia

A

An eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight-loss measures, including self-induced vomiting.

35
Q

binge eating disorder

A

An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight.

36
Q

puberty refers to

A
  • the period during which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction
  • encompasses all the physical changes that occur in adolescents as they pass from childhood into adulthood
37
Q

Puberty has four chief physical manifestations:

A
  1. A rapid acceleration in growth, resulting in dramatic increases in height and weight.
  2. The development of primary sex characteristics, including the further development of the gonads (sex glands), which results in a series of hormonal changes.
  3. The development of secondary sex characteristics, including changes in the genitals and breasts, and the growth of pubic, facial, and body hair.
  4. Changes in the brain’s anatomy and activity as a result of hormonal influences.
38
Q

the HPG axis

A

(hypothamaus, pituatary, amd gonads)

release sex hormons androgens and estrogens

39
Q

early sexual feelings may be stimulated by

A

adrenarche (also contributes to Body odor, singaling the begining of sexual maturation to others)

(many people report first sexual attraction before puberty)

40
Q

Changes at puberty in the brain system that regulates the adrenal gland are also important because

A

his is the brain system that controls how we respond to stress

41
Q

adolesence and stress

A

difference between saying that adolescence is an inherently stressful time (which it is not) and saying that adolescence is a time of heightened vulnerability to stress (which it is).

42
Q

genes predispose you to go through puberity around an age but

A

the more fat cells you have (produce more leptin)

more ligh your exposed to durring clildhood (equader and more electrongic light - less melatoning production)

makes it more likely that you will go through puberity on the early end off inhareted protpensity

43
Q

sex differrences in agression are likely result from the impact of ___ rather than ___

A

impact of prenatal hormones

rather then homonal chnages at puberty

44
Q

exposure to certine hormones before birth may set a sort of

A

alarm clock that does not go off untill adolsence

45
Q

. Hormones that are present prenatally may __

but certain changes in those hormones at puberty may be needed to __

A

organize a certain set of behaviors (e.g., our brains may be set up to have us later engage in sexual behavior),

but certain changes in those hormones at puberty may be needed to activate the pattern

46
Q

growth spirts in girls vs boys

A

girls are on average 2 years eairler

47
Q

extremities grow

A

first to accelerage in growth folowed by torso and showlders

appear out of porprtion

48
Q

musle and fat devolopmet in puberity

A

boys have faster musle tissue growth

fat increases more for femailes than males

49
Q

promps girls to become overly concerned about weight

A

rapid increase in body fat among femailes in early adolesence

greatest risk for devolopment of eating disorders

50
Q

girls most subsptable to feelings of dissatisfation with bodies during phase of devolopmet are those

A

who mature eairler and begin daing earily

51
Q

comapiring to ___ not just __ causes unhappiness with apperence

A

firends

not just media

52
Q

interval between first signs of puberty and complete phsycal maturation

A

girls - 1.5 to 6 years

boys - 2 to 5 years

53
Q

region of chromosome __ has been identified as one marker of pubertal timing in both boys and girls

A

chromosome 6

54
Q

external factors of puberty timing (indivdual)

A

nutrition and health

delayed more likrly in indivduals with history of protine and or caloirc deffeiencey

chronic illness aslo assocated with delays

55
Q

family factors in timing of puberty

A

eairler in girls with fater absent

less cohesive/more conflict riden (stress)

stepfather (phermones of non biological relative)

sexual abuse

56
Q

group differences in puberital maturation

A

Nutrtion and chronic disease

where girls mature eariler so do boys

larger range in africa because of great varation of envormental conditions

57
Q

time in puberity

A

is increseing

58
Q

age of puberity deline in america because of

A
  1. obesity rates (affects leptin)
  2. exposure to human made chemicals minicing puberital hormones
  3. increased exposure to artifical lights (affects melatonin)
59
Q

eariler puberty has caused a larger window of

A

vonlderbility to risky behavor

60
Q

puberty affects adolsence behavior and psychological functioning in __ ways

A
  1. biological changes of puberty can have a direct effect on behavior through its impact on the structure and functioning of the brain
  2. iological changes of puberty may change the adolescent’s self-image, which, in turn, may affect how he or she behaves
  3. biological change at puberty transforms the adolescent’s appearance, which, in turn, may elicit changes in how others react to the teenage
61
Q

stress and puberital maturaion

A

most likey to be a cuase rather than a stresser

modest (not overweling) stress maby speed up onset of puberty

62
Q

is maturing stressfull

A

Maturing early may be stressful, especially for girls, but going through puberty “on time” is generally not; research on whether late maturation is stressful is inconclusive

63
Q

direct connection between hormones and mood is

A

weak

64
Q

When studies do find a connection between hormonal changes at puberty and adolescent mood or behavior, the effects are strongest

A

early in puberty, when the process is being “turned on” and when hormonal levels are more likely to fluctuate.

65
Q

it is not so much the absolute increases in these hormones during puberty but their ___ early in puberty that may affect adolescents’ moods.

A

rapid fluctuation

66
Q

__ play a far grater role in the devolopment of depression and negative moods than do hormonal changes

A

stressful life events, such as problems in the family, in school, or with friends,

67
Q

shifts in mood appear to have more to do with shifts in __

A

activities

68
Q

“sleep architecture”

A

Changes in the way the brain regulates sleep—referred to as “sleep architecture”—are more dramatic in adolescence than any other stage of life

69
Q

most teenagers are not getting enough sleep and that inadequate sleep in adolescence leads to all sorts of problems, including

A

depression

alcohol, tobacko, ilicit drug use,

obesity

worse relationships

congantive imparments and poor school stress

behavior problems

greater reactivity to stress

70
Q

Many of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation are due to its

A

adverse impact on self-control

71
Q

as youngsters mature from childhood toward the middle of puberty, emotional distance between them and ___ increases, and conflict intensifies, especially between adolescents and mothers

A

and their parents increases, and conflict intensifies, especially between adolescents and mothers

72
Q

adolescents’ ___ of whether they are an early or a late maturer are often more strongly related to how they feel about and are affected by puberty than whether they actually are early or late

A

perceptions

73
Q

early-maturing boys

A

feel better about themselves and are more popular than their late-maturing peers

lose their temper more often and more intensely than late maturers

the impact of victimization is greater for early maturer

more likely than their peers to get involved in antisocial or deviant activities, including truancy, minor delinquency, and school misbehavior

older-looking boys develop friendships with older peers, who lead them into activities that are problematic for the younger boys

74
Q

early-maturing girls

A

have more emotional difficulties than their peers, including poorer self-image and higher rates of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and panic attacks

irls who are prone to ruminate or cope poorly when they have problems seem especially vulnerable to the stress of maturing early

maturers are more popular than other girls, especially, as you would expect, when the index of popularity includes popularity with boys

often more popular with boys, they are frequent victims of rumors, gossip, and social exclusion nd are more likely to suffer from social anxiety

early-maturing girls are more likely to be sexually harassed, bullied, and abused by their boyfriends

75
Q

several theories explaining why early maturation is harder on girls than boy

A
  1. “maturational deviance” youngsters who stand far apart from their peers—in physical appearance, for instance—may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily.
  2. developmental readiness.” If puberty is a challenge that requires psychological adaptation by the adolescent, perhaps younger adolescents are less ready to cope with the challenge than older ones.
  3. concerns the cultural desirability of different body types. Early maturation for girls means leaving behind the culturally admired state of thinness. boys achive a more culturly desirable state
76
Q

Obesity in the US

A

about 20% of adolescents in the United States are obese and another 20% are overweight, rates that increased dramatically between 1970 and 2000 and have continued to climb since then

77
Q

individuals at risk for obesity show relatively greater activation of the brain’s __ , ___ , and ____

A

reward centers in general, heightened responses to images of food, and poorer impulse control

78
Q

Radical approaches to weight control __

A

actually increase, rather than decrease, obesity.

Ironically, adolescents who mistakenly believe that they are overweight often engage in unhealthy dieting behavior, which actually increases the likelihood that they will become obese.

79
Q
A

Adolescents Development (9 decks)

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