TB - Ch 1 Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine system
A
The system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones.
2
Q
hormones
A
Highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands.
3
Q
glands
A
Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones
4
Q
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons
A
Specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones.
5
Q
set point
A
A physiological level or setting (e.g., of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.
6
Q
feedback loop
A
A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.
7
Q
pituitary gland
A
One of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body.
8
Q
hypothalamus
A
A part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland.
9
Q
gonads
A
The glands that secrete sex hormones: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries.
10
Q
testes
A
The male gonads.
11
Q
ovaries
A
The female gonads.
12
Q
androgens
A
A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females following puberty.
13
Q
estrogens
A
A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among females than males following puberty.
14
Q
adrenarche
A
The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.
15
Q
cortisol
A
A hormone produced when a person is exposed to stress.
16
Q
kisspeptin
A
A brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty.
17
Q
leptin
A
A protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.
Stimulates Kisspeptin
18
Q
melatonin
A
A hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.
Supresses Kisspeptin
19
Q
adolescent growth spurt
A
The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
Cuased by simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens
20
Q
epiphysis
A
The closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed.
21
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
The manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.
22
Q
Tanner stages
A
A widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development.
23
Q
menarche
A
The time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty.
24
Q
pheromones
A
A class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.
25
secular trend
The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition.
26
cross-sectional study
A study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time.
27
longitudinal study
A study that follows the same group of individuals over time.
28
plasticity
The capacity of the brain to change in response to experience.
29
delayed phase preference
A pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.
30
basal metabolism rate
The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state.
31
body mass index (BMI)
A measure of an individual’s body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge overweight and obesity.
32
disordered eating
Mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes.
33
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss.
34
bulimia
An eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight-loss measures, including self-induced vomiting.
35
binge eating disorder
An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight.
36
puberty refers to
- the period during which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction
- encompasses all the physical changes that occur in adolescents as they pass from childhood into adulthood
37
Puberty has four chief physical manifestations:
1. A rapid acceleration in growth, resulting in dramatic increases in height and weight.
2. The development of primary sex characteristics, including the further development of the gonads (sex glands), which results in a series of hormonal changes.
3. The development of secondary sex characteristics, including changes in the genitals and breasts, and the growth of pubic, facial, and body hair.
4. Changes in the brain’s anatomy and activity as a result of hormonal influences.
38
the HPG axis
(hypothamaus, pituatary, amd gonads)
release sex hormons androgens and estrogens
39
early sexual feelings may be stimulated by
adrenarche (also contributes to Body odor, singaling the begining of sexual maturation to others)
(many people report first sexual attraction before puberty)
40
Changes at puberty in the brain system that regulates the adrenal gland are also important because
his is the brain system that controls how we respond to stress
41
adolesence and stress
difference between saying that adolescence is an inherently stressful time (which it is not) and saying that adolescence is a time of heightened vulnerability to stress (which it is).
42
genes predispose you to go through puberity around an age but
the more fat cells you have (produce more leptin)
more ligh your exposed to durring clildhood (equader and more electrongic light - less melatoning production)
makes it more likely that you will go through puberity on the early end off inhareted protpensity
43
sex differrences in agression are likely result from the impact of ___ rather than \_\_\_
impact of prenatal hormones
rather then homonal chnages at puberty
44
exposure to certine hormones before birth may set a sort of
alarm clock that does not go off untill adolsence
45
. Hormones that are present prenatally may \_\_
but certain changes in those hormones at puberty may be needed to \_\_
organize a certain set of behaviors (e.g., our brains may be set up to have us later engage in sexual behavior),
but certain changes in those hormones at puberty may be needed to activate the pattern
46
growth spirts in girls vs boys
girls are on average 2 years eairler
47
extremities grow
first to accelerage in growth folowed by torso and showlders
appear out of porprtion
48
musle and fat devolopmet in puberity
boys have faster musle tissue growth
fat increases more for femailes than males
49
promps girls to become overly concerned about weight
rapid increase in body fat among femailes in early adolesence
greatest risk for devolopment of eating disorders
50
girls most subsptable to feelings of dissatisfation with bodies during phase of devolopmet are those
who mature eairler and begin daing earily
51
comapiring to ___ not just __ causes unhappiness with apperence
firends
not just media
52
interval between first signs of puberty and complete phsycal maturation
girls - 1.5 to 6 years
boys - 2 to 5 years
53
region of chromosome __ has been identified as one marker of pubertal timing in both boys and girls
chromosome 6
54
external factors of puberty timing (indivdual)
nutrition and health
delayed more likrly in indivduals with history of protine and or caloirc deffeiencey
chronic illness aslo assocated with delays
55
family factors in timing of puberty
eairler in girls with fater absent
less cohesive/more conflict riden (stress)
stepfather (phermones of non biological relative)
sexual abuse
56
group differences in puberital maturation
Nutrtion and chronic disease
where girls mature eariler so do boys
larger range in africa because of great varation of envormental conditions
57
time in puberity
is increseing
58
age of puberity deline in america because of
1. obesity rates (affects leptin)
2. exposure to human made chemicals minicing puberital hormones
3. increased exposure to artifical lights (affects melatonin)
59
eariler puberty has caused a larger window of
vonlderbility to risky behavor
60
puberty affects adolsence behavior and psychological functioning in __ ways
1. biological changes of puberty can have a direct effect on behavior through its impact on the structure and functioning of the brain
2. iological changes of puberty may change the adolescent’s self-image, which, in turn, may affect how he or she behaves
3. biological change at puberty transforms the adolescent’s appearance, which, in turn, may elicit changes in how others react to the teenage
61
stress and puberital maturaion
most likey to be a cuase rather than a stresser
modest (not overweling) stress maby speed up onset of puberty
62
is maturing stressfull
Maturing early may be stressful, especially for girls, but going through puberty “on time” is generally not; research on whether late maturation is stressful is inconclusive
63
direct connection between hormones and mood is
weak
64
When studies do find a connection between hormonal changes at puberty and adolescent mood or behavior, the effects are strongest
early in puberty, when the process is being “turned on” and when hormonal levels are more likely to fluctuate.
65
it is not so much the absolute increases in these hormones during puberty but their ___ early in puberty that may affect adolescents’ moods.
rapid fluctuation
66
\_\_ play a far grater role in the devolopment of depression and negative moods than do hormonal changes
stressful life events, such as problems in the family, in school, or with friends,
67
shifts in mood appear to have more to do with shifts in \_\_
activities
68
“sleep architecture”
Changes in the way the brain regulates sleep—referred to as “sleep architecture”—are more dramatic in adolescence than any other stage of life
69
most teenagers are not getting enough sleep and that inadequate sleep in adolescence leads to all sorts of problems, including
depression
alcohol, tobacko, ilicit drug use,
obesity
worse relationships
congantive imparments and poor school stress
behavior problems
greater reactivity to stress
70
Many of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation are due to its
adverse impact on self-control
71
as youngsters mature from childhood toward the middle of puberty, emotional distance between them and ___ increases, and conflict intensifies, especially between adolescents and mothers
and their parents increases, and conflict intensifies, especially between adolescents and mothers
72
adolescents’ ___ of whether they are an early or a late maturer are often more strongly related to how they feel about and are affected by puberty than whether they actually are early or late
perceptions
73
early-maturing boys
feel better about themselves and are more popular than their late-maturing peers
lose their temper more often and more intensely than late maturers
the impact of victimization is greater for early maturer
more likely than their peers to get involved in antisocial or deviant activities, including truancy, minor delinquency, and school misbehavior
older-looking boys develop friendships with older peers, who lead them into activities that are problematic for the younger boys
74
early-maturing girls
have more emotional difficulties than their peers, including poorer self-image and higher rates of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and panic attacks
irls who are prone to ruminate or cope poorly when they have problems seem especially vulnerable to the stress of maturing early
maturers are more popular than other girls, especially, as you would expect, when the index of popularity includes popularity with boys
often more popular with boys, they are frequent victims of rumors, gossip, and social exclusion nd are more likely to suffer from social anxiety
early-maturing girls are more likely to be sexually harassed, bullied, and abused by their boyfriends
75
several theories explaining why early maturation is harder on girls than boy
1. “maturational deviance” youngsters who stand far apart from their peers—in physical appearance, for instance—may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily.
2. developmental readiness.” If puberty is a challenge that requires psychological adaptation by the adolescent, perhaps younger adolescents are less ready to cope with the challenge than older ones.
3. concerns the cultural desirability of different body types. Early maturation for girls means leaving behind the culturally admired state of thinness. boys achive a more culturly desirable state
76
Obesity in the US
about 20% of adolescents in the United States are obese and another 20% are overweight, rates that increased dramatically between 1970 and 2000 and have continued to climb since then
77
individuals at risk for obesity show relatively greater activation of the brain’s __ , ___ , and \_\_\_\_
reward centers in general, heightened responses to images of food, and poorer impulse control
78
Radical approaches to weight control \_\_
actually increase, rather than decrease, obesity.
Ironically, adolescents who mistakenly believe that they are overweight often engage in unhealthy dieting behavior, which actually increases the likelihood that they will become obese.
79
