Taxonomy and Classification Test Flashcards
What led to domains
Too many kingdoms
- Similarities found within kingdoms
- wanted to show the eubacteria and archaea bacteria were separated out
What is taxonomy important for
To be able to classify speices
-Over time we have been able to go back and re-classify some species
Moph-
form,shape
-nomy
law,science
Taxo-
order, arrangement
bi-
two
Archae-
Ancient,old
Eu
good, true
Pro-
before
Karyo-
nucleus
Phylo-
Tribe
-Gen
to produce
nomen-
Name
Systematics
field of biology that focuses on classification
and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary
relationships
Taxonomy
Describing
Naming
Classifying
Grouping organisms based on similarities/relationships
Aristotle
First to classify organisms 2000 years ago
Classified organisms as either plant or animal
- classified things based on whether or not they had blood
-classified into plant and animal
How do we know when the CLM was invented
in the late 1800, bc protistas were shown then and you need a microscope to be able to see protistas
How do we know when the EM was invented
1950 bc there are microscopic kingdoms in that row
Levels of classification
Created by Linneaus
Linneaus
Identifyed things based on and plant. named things and levels of classification. More detailed and more relationships.
shortended binomial nomenclature
What are methods used to classify organisms
Phylogeny and morphology
Phylogeny
relatedness among organisms based on
evolutionary history.
-dna
Morphology
using appearance, form or structure to
determine relationships. Older than phylogeny. Used by linneaus and aristotles
Taxonomic categories
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Binomial nomenclature
Scientific Name Genus + specific epithet Homo sapiens Quercus alba Q. alba Linnaeus, mid-18th century Facilitates international science
Using dichotomous keys
A device that can be used to easily identify an unknown
organism.
A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part
statements that describe characteristic of organisms.
At each step of a dichotomous key the user is presented
with two choices.
As the user makes a choice about a particular
characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch
of the key.
Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism
they are trying to identify.
Homo sapiens : Homo neanderthalis ::
a. Melanoplus darwinian : Ulna darwinian
b. Red Oak : White Oak
c. Acer rubrium : Acer sacharus
d. Anolis carolinenins: Turdus migratoria
. c. Acer rubrium : Acer sacharus
Which of the following options lists taxonomic
categories in the correct order from least to most
inclusive?
A) genus, family, order, class, phylum
B) genus, family, class, order, phylum
C) family, genus, order, phylum, class
D) family, genus, class, order, phylum
A) genus, family, order, class, phylum
Which pair of organisms is most closely related? How can you tell? Canis lupus Canis rufus Lynx rufus
Canis lupus
Canis rufus\
Same genus, different species. You have to have the same genus to be the same species
The Six Kingdoms
Based on cell structure & nutrition Archaebacteria (kingdom) Eubacteria- (kingdom) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Eubacteria- (kingdom)
Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and heterotrophic
Archaebacteria (kingdom)
Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and heterotrophic
Protista
Eukaryotic, uni and multi cellular, auto and heterotropic
Fungi
Eukaryotic, uni and multicellular, heterotrophic
Plantae
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic and rarely heterotrophic
Animalia
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
The three domains are based on what
Molecular differences
Archaea/ archaebacteria domain
Have only one type of very simple RNA polymerase (enzyme needed for making proteins) Extremophiles Unicellular Prokaryotic Live in extreme environments Most will be killed by oxygen Some can photosynthesize/ chemosynthesize, some can not Kindgom: Archaebacteria
Bacteria/ Eubacteria domain
Unicellular Prokaryotic Cells Cell walls made of peptidoglycan Very diverse group including free living organisms and deadly parasites Some can photosynthesize, some can not Kingdom: eubacteria
Eukarya domain
EukaryotesSome unicellular, but most are multicellular
All have cells with a nucleus
4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms)
Protista: things that can not be classified as plant,
animal or fungi
Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food
Plant: Photosynthesizers (producers)
Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity
You discover a new organism that has multiple types of RNA polymerase, but does not have peptidoglycan in it’s cell wall
- What domain does it belong to
- Can you figure out what kingdom it belongs solely based on this information. Why?
The domain is eukarya because bacteria has peptidoglycan in the cell walls and archae has multiple types of RNA
- No, eukarya domain has multiple kingdoms
Why was Linneaus and Aristotle’s system replaced
Phylogeny is more specific. New technology was created and they could test DNA and find hidden relationships/fix old relashionships to make them more accurate
Classification
To arrange things in classes/categories base on shared qualities or characteristics. To assign something to a particular class
Modern vs Linneaus taxonomic categories
Linneaus: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus species
Modern: same except domain is in front of kingdom
What groups contain less/more related organisms as you move up and down the hierarchy
Domains contain the most related organisms as the taxonomic system is in an upside down triangle shape. Domains are split into kingdoms and kingdoms into phylums and the characteristics of the organism classified gets more and more specific. Species and Genus has less related organisms with the most specific traits and as you go up the hierarchy, organisms have more and more related traits, but less specific traits
Why can both phylogeny and morphology be used today
Things that look alike often have similar ancestors and we can use technology we have today to compare DNA and find similarities/relationships in DNA
What is the primary criteria used to classify
Evolutionary relashionships, characteristics, DNA, structure and function
Difference between 3 domain system and 6 kingdom system
3-Domain includes more organisms that have more, general, similarities within each domain and shows similarities within kingdoms than the 6-kingdom system.
The six-kingdom system has less, but more specific organisms relationships in each kingdom
Why did taxonomists start using domains
More organisms were discovered and there were too many kingdoms and new similarities were found within kingdoms so domains were created to show these similarities
Why are protists grouped together in the six-kingdom system
Protists are grouped together in the sux kingdom system because protists, by definition, don’t truly fit into any of the other kingdom therefore, they are grouped together as they have no other place to be put.
Why do scientists use binomial nomenclature
To be more universal because Latin is the root for many modern languages. SO that people of many different languages can all know which organism is being discussed. Scientific name is used because different languages have different common names for the same organism, but the scientific name is the same for all languages
If organisms are in the same class but different order…
They may have the same species identifier
They may be more similar than organisms in different classes
They may be in the same phylum
The least inclusive class is…
Species
