Chapters 4, 6, and 7 Flashcards
Parts of Cell Theory and Scientists that developed it
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization
- All cells come from pre-exisitng cells
- Anton Leevenhooke (Invented microscopes and discovered bacteria), Robert Hook (named/discovered cells), Theodor Schwann (found out all animals are composed of cells)
Relationship between cell structure and function and role of dominant organelles in the function of cells
Structure of cell dictates function bc structure allows or limits the cell to do certain functions
-Dominant organelles dictate the function fo cell and are unsually the most plentiful within the organelle, but may not be the largest organelle within a cell For example, muscle cells have mitochondria
Why do textbook pictures of cells don’t exist in real life
Not all cells look the same, different cells have different functions and their structure or appearance must fit the function of the cell
Prokaryotes v. eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: Smaller, simple, DNA just floats around, no membrane bound organelles, bacteria, unicellular
Eukaryotes: Larger, complex, nucleus with DNA, membrane bound organelles, perform different functions, plants and animals, unicellular
Why are viruses not alive
- They don’t have all the characteristics of living things- no energy use as they are not metabolic and they don’t grow, they use a host
- In order for them to survive, they need a host and once are within a host they attack a specific type of cell (HIV -> attack immune system cells)
- They don’t need living criteria and so they need a host to do things.They are dependent on living organisms. They are affected by natural selection and so they are constantly changing and adapting so they are hard to treat
Major organelles that made plants and animals different
Plant: Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata
Animal: centriole
Both: Ribosomes, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, peroxisome, cytoskeleton/cytoplasm, lysosome,
Describe endosymbiotic theory
Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living in larger cells. Endosymbion refers to a cell that lives inside another cell, called a host cell. These small prokaryotes may have gained entry to the larger cell as undigested prey or internal parasites. A host could use nutrients released from photosyntheitc endosymbionts and host would have benefited from the endosymbiont that were able to use oxygen to release large amounts of energy in cellular respiration. Over ti,e, hosts and endosymbionts would become increasingly interdependent and eventually became a single organism. How eukaryotic cells came to be. Mitochondria evolved by chloroplasts because not all cells have chloroplasts.
- Not that one cell engulfed mitochondria
- One cell when adapting engulfed aerobic bacteria and they started helping each other and over time prokaryotic, aerobic bacterium adapted to mitochondria and chlorophyll
Nucleus
Contains cells genetic info, organized into chromosomes
-Considered to be the control center of the cell
Nuclear membrane
Protects the nucleus
Nucleolus
Where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits
Chromatin
Constitutes (makes up the majority of) eukaryotic chromosomes, often referred to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when cell is not dividing
Chromatid
- Dense
- One half of a chromosome, contains genetic info
Cytoplasm
-Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Holds the organelles
Cell membrane
- Usually a double layer of phospholipids
- encloses everything inside the cells and allows for passage of molecules in an out of the cell
Cell wall
- external plasma layer
- protects the cell and helps it maintain its shape
Mitochondria
- Considered to be the power center of the cell
- repiration occurs here and ATP is generated
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth- Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, steriods
Rough- ribosomes on outside, process proteins made by ribosomes
-Packages and modifies
Chloroplast
-Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from CO2 and water
Ribosome
-Responsible for protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus
-Processes and packs protein produced by the cell
Vesicles
-Used to transport materials from one place to another and function in metabolisms and enzyme storage as well
Lysosome
-Contains digestive enzymes to engulf aged organelles, food, and bacteria
Peroxisomes
- Contain enzymes to get rid of perioxides from the cell
- Help break down bonds for energy and chains
- Breaks down hydrogen perioxides
Vacuole
-Storage, filled with inorganic and organic molecules along with water to support the organelle
Centrioles
-To help cell division in animal cells, help in the formation of the spindal fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell dividison
Difference between auto and hetero trophs
Auto: uses sunlight, CO2, and water to make it’s own food, glucose
Hetero: Eats other things or their products to obtain energy
-Cannot make own food
Difference between Photo and chemo synthesis
Photo:creating energy or food using light
Chemo: Creating food or energy using chemicals, usually in the abscence of light
How do models store and release energy
- energy is stored (in a “high energy” bond) when a phosphate group is added to ADP of NADPH +
- Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is removed ( the “high energy” bond is broken)
- ADP (pre-image) has everything as the model, but only 2 phosphates, battery is partially charged. With photosynthesis, another phosphate is added to make ATP (image)
What is in the chloroplasts
Thylakoids: pancakes, photosynthesis sacs (site of light absorption), contain chlorophyll
Granum: Stack of thylakoids
Stroma: Liquid outside/surrounds the thylakoids
Pigments: chlorophyll
Where do the two stages of photosynthesis take place
- Light dependent: chloroplasts
2. Light independent/calvin cycle: stroma, outside of thylakoids
Balaced equation for photosynthesis
6Co2+6H20+light = C6H12O6+6O2
Same of each element on each side of equal side
Stroma role in regularting photosynthesis
Aka stomata
- Where reactions enter and products leave
- opening in leaves where CO2 enters, oxygen and water vapor leave
Guard cells role in regulating photosynthesis
-regulate opening and closing of stomata. Only lets certain things in/out
Light dependent
Reactants: CO2+H20 and light
Products: ATP, NADPH
Chlorophyll role- this takes place in chlorophyll (in the thylakoids)
-Pigments- trap green/yellow light and reflect orange or yellow
Light independent reaction
Reactants: ATP and NADPH
Products: glucose (energy)
Role of chlorophyll molecule: nothing
Accessory pigment forl-
Explain how the light and dark reactions are linked together
The light dependent reaction creates ATP and NADPH using light, H20 and ADP/NADPH, which are uncharged batteries. After the light depedent reaction takes place, the batteries are now charged (ATP and NADPH). The energy from the charged batteries (ATP and NADPH) are then used with CO2 and H20 in the calvin cycle (aka light independent reaction) to make the plants food, sugar. The batteries are now uncharged and are known as ADP and NADPH +. They are used in the light dependent reation
Photo
Light
Chloro
Green
-phyll
Leaf
Stome
Mouth
Xantho
Yellow
All Organisms Need Energy
All organisms require energy to live. There are two
main ways to obtain this necessary energy: autotrophs and heterotrophs
Cells use energy trapped in chemical bonds (hydrocarbon bonds). When these
bonds are broken, energy is released for cellular activities.
When cells use several linked chemical pathways to
create the energy needed, this is called a biochemical
pathway.
Endothermic: energy goes in
Exothermic: energy goes out
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
Cells find energy by breaking bonds in a very
special molecule called ATP
-3 phosphates, charged battery
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Uncharged ADP. another
important molecule involved with cellular energy
-2 phosphates
ATP/ADP components
Adenine (nitrogenous base)
RIbose (carbon ring)
3 phosphate groups
NUCLEOTIDE
How is energy stored
Energy is stored (in a “high energy” bond) when a
phosphate group is added to ADP
Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is
removed (the “high energy” bond is broken)…
Note: This same system works between NADPH and
NADP+
Eukaryotes store ATP
-A cycle
How does light travel
Light travels as waves of energy
Reflection (light bouncing off, the color being shown), Transmission (ray of light moving through an object), Absorption (light being absorbed)
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue and reflects green
Black-absorbs all ligh
White- reflects all light
What are pigments
Proteins that trap light energy from the sun, photosynthesis depends on this absorption of light to begin -ex: chlorophyll
Why do pigments appear as different
colors?
EXAMPLES: Chlorophyll : Appears green- absorbs A: Traps Red Light B: Traps Blue Light Accessory Pigments: Trap green/yellow Carotene: Appears orange Xanthophyll: Appears yellow The least important color for photosynthesis? GREEN!! -Leaves change color bc they lose chlorophyll and chloroplasts
Chromatography
Can be used to separate plant pigments based on their molecular size Watch a video! Rf Values: Distance Pigment Moved (mm) divided by Distance Solvent Moved (mm) NOTES: Rf value will always be less than 1 The higher the Rf value, the smaller the pigment
This weekend your teacher went to the store and bought a new, hi-tech, green colored plant growth light. She placed a plant underneath this light inside of the fume hood and closed it tightly. Will the plant be able to undergo photosynthesis?
No, chlorophyll reflects green light and does not absorv it
Do all cells in an autotroph have the same dominant organelle
No
Chloroplasts things inside
Thylakoid Membranes = photosynthetic sacs (site of light absorption) Granum = stack of thylakoids Stroma = liquid outside/surrounds the thylakoids
What does an autotroph need to do photosynthesis
Water Sunlight Carbon Dioxide Chlorophyll (a light capturing pigment) Enzymes (remember how specific these are!)
Overview of Photosynthesis
Definition: Process in which plants convert energy from the sun into
stored chemical energy (glucose).
The General Reaction for Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 + 02
Temperature and Light Intensity can both affect the rate of photosynthesis, but it
will either decrease or level off at some point……try sketching a graph of this
For light, as light increases, rate of photosynthesis also increases, until it reaches a certain point where then rate of photosynthesis will continue to plateau as there is no such thing as too much light will just stop absorbing
For temp, as temp rises, rate of photosynthesis rises and as around 50 it plateaus for a while. As it nears 100, rate decreases bc with more temp, water evaporates
2 main reactions in photosynthesis
1) Light Dependent Reaction-needs light
2) Light Independent (Dark) Reaction/Calvin Cycle- does not need light
Photo- light
synthesis- together/build
Stomata/Stoma:
opening on underside of most
leaves, entry site of carbon dioxide, release of
oxygen from photosynthesis occurs here, water
vapor is released here (transpiration)
Guard Cells:
specialized cells that regulate
opening and closing of stomata, open and close using
a H+ pump and by manipulating the turgor pressure
of the cells
Light dependent reaction summary
Location: occurs in the thylakoid (chloropyll) membranes Function: Harvested light energy is converted from sunlight to electrical (electrical charges) energy (ETC) Uses energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH needed for next reaction Important events you should know: Chlorophyll is energized Water is split ATP and NADPH are formed Hydrogen is trapped
Light independent summary
Does not require light to occur (can actually occur in light or dark) Location: takes place in the stroma Function: Uses energy from ATP and NADPH to produce high energy carbohydrates (sugars) Important events you should know: Reactions form organic compounds using energy stored from Lightdependent reactions in bonds of NADPH and ATP
Which organisms perform photosynthesis and which do cellular respiration
Photosynthesis: autotrophs
Cellular: All cells
Compare and contrast cellular respiration and respiration
Respiration: Co2 and O2 are exchanged between lungs and air. Breathing
-Exchange of gases
Both: are harvesting energy
Cellular: Cells use O2 to break down fuel, releasing Co2 as a waste product
Balanced equation for cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP Energy
Dont forget to remember to label mitochondria
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Dont forget to label cells
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Summarize difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic repiration including differences in ATP Production
Anaerobic- Glucose-> glucosis -> pyruvate-> without O2-> fermentation (alcohol- process where yeast and bacteria convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2, No ATP gained. Lactic acid fermentation-> enzyme reactions convert pyruvic acid into another 3-carbon compound, lactic acid, No ATP gained). Happens within cytoplasm. Makes lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 (for yeast)
-Gycolysis happens within the cytoplasm and is the only thing that uses ATP to make more ATP
Aerobic-> glycosis, O2, Krebs cycle (from within mitochondria matrix) , citric acid cycle, electron transport chain(mitochondria inner membrane), requires oxygen, produces 20X more ATP than just glycosis up to 38 ATP gained
LOOK at ATP models
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Photosynthesis v. cellular respiration
Photosynthesis:
- Location: chlorophyll, stoma
- Function: create glucose
- Reactants: 6CO2+ 6H2O+ light
- Products: C6H12O6 and 6O2
Both
Function: create energy
Cell:
- Location: mitochondria matrix, inner membrane
- Function: create ATP
- reactants: C6H12)6+ 6H2O+ energy
Why do different pigments have different RF values
Different pigments have different RF values because some pigments are larger or smaller than others
RF value formula
Distance distance pigment move (MM) divided by
Distance solvent moved (MM)
Means the % of distance that the pigment traveled
