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Biology Honors Semester 1 > Chapters 4, 6, and 7 > Flashcards

Chapters 4, 6, and 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of Cell Theory and Scientists that developed it

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization
  3. All cells come from pre-exisitng cells
    - Anton Leevenhooke (Invented microscopes and discovered bacteria), Robert Hook (named/discovered cells), Theodor Schwann (found out all animals are composed of cells)
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2
Q

Relationship between cell structure and function and role of dominant organelles in the function of cells

A

Structure of cell dictates function bc structure allows or limits the cell to do certain functions
-Dominant organelles dictate the function fo cell and are unsually the most plentiful within the organelle, but may not be the largest organelle within a cell For example, muscle cells have mitochondria

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3
Q

Why do textbook pictures of cells don’t exist in real life

A

Not all cells look the same, different cells have different functions and their structure or appearance must fit the function of the cell

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4
Q

Prokaryotes v. eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: Smaller, simple, DNA just floats around, no membrane bound organelles, bacteria, unicellular
Eukaryotes: Larger, complex, nucleus with DNA, membrane bound organelles, perform different functions, plants and animals, unicellular

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5
Q

Why are viruses not alive

A
  • They don’t have all the characteristics of living things- no energy use as they are not metabolic and they don’t grow, they use a host
  • In order for them to survive, they need a host and once are within a host they attack a specific type of cell (HIV -> attack immune system cells)
  • They don’t need living criteria and so they need a host to do things.They are dependent on living organisms. They are affected by natural selection and so they are constantly changing and adapting so they are hard to treat
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6
Q

Major organelles that made plants and animals different

A

Plant: Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata
Animal: centriole
Both: Ribosomes, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, peroxisome, cytoskeleton/cytoplasm, lysosome,

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7
Q

Describe endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living in larger cells. Endosymbion refers to a cell that lives inside another cell, called a host cell. These small prokaryotes may have gained entry to the larger cell as undigested prey or internal parasites. A host could use nutrients released from photosyntheitc endosymbionts and host would have benefited from the endosymbiont that were able to use oxygen to release large amounts of energy in cellular respiration. Over ti,e, hosts and endosymbionts would become increasingly interdependent and eventually became a single organism. How eukaryotic cells came to be. Mitochondria evolved by chloroplasts because not all cells have chloroplasts.

  • Not that one cell engulfed mitochondria
  • One cell when adapting engulfed aerobic bacteria and they started helping each other and over time prokaryotic, aerobic bacterium adapted to mitochondria and chlorophyll
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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains cells genetic info, organized into chromosomes

-Considered to be the control center of the cell

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9
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Protects the nucleus

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10
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Constitutes (makes up the majority of) eukaryotic chromosomes, often referred to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when cell is not dividing

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12
Q

Chromatid

A
  • Dense

- One half of a chromosome, contains genetic info

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Holds the organelles

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14
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Usually a double layer of phospholipids

- encloses everything inside the cells and allows for passage of molecules in an out of the cell

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15
Q

Cell wall

A
  • external plasma layer

- protects the cell and helps it maintain its shape

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Considered to be the power center of the cell

- repiration occurs here and ATP is generated

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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth- Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, steriods
Rough- ribosomes on outside, process proteins made by ribosomes
-Packages and modifies

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18
Q

Chloroplast

A

-Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from CO2 and water

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19
Q

Ribosome

A

-Responsible for protein synthesis

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

-Processes and packs protein produced by the cell

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21
Q

Vesicles

A

-Used to transport materials from one place to another and function in metabolisms and enzyme storage as well

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

-Contains digestive enzymes to engulf aged organelles, food, and bacteria

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Contain enzymes to get rid of perioxides from the cell
  • Help break down bonds for energy and chains
  • Breaks down hydrogen perioxides
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24
Q

Vacuole

A

-Storage, filled with inorganic and organic molecules along with water to support the organelle

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25
Q

Centrioles

A

-To help cell division in animal cells, help in the formation of the spindal fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell dividison

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26
Q

Difference between auto and hetero trophs

A

Auto: uses sunlight, CO2, and water to make it’s own food, glucose
Hetero: Eats other things or their products to obtain energy
-Cannot make own food

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27
Q

Difference between Photo and chemo synthesis

A

Photo:creating energy or food using light
Chemo: Creating food or energy using chemicals, usually in the abscence of light

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28
Q

How do models store and release energy

A
  • energy is stored (in a “high energy” bond) when a phosphate group is added to ADP of NADPH +
  • Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is removed ( the “high energy” bond is broken)
  • ADP (pre-image) has everything as the model, but only 2 phosphates, battery is partially charged. With photosynthesis, another phosphate is added to make ATP (image)
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29
Q

What is in the chloroplasts

A

Thylakoids: pancakes, photosynthesis sacs (site of light absorption), contain chlorophyll
Granum: Stack of thylakoids
Stroma: Liquid outside/surrounds the thylakoids
Pigments: chlorophyll

30
Q

Where do the two stages of photosynthesis take place

A
  1. Light dependent: chloroplasts

2. Light independent/calvin cycle: stroma, outside of thylakoids

31
Q

Balaced equation for photosynthesis

A

6Co2+6H20+light = C6H12O6+6O2

Same of each element on each side of equal side

32
Q

Stroma role in regularting photosynthesis

A

Aka stomata

  • Where reactions enter and products leave
  • opening in leaves where CO2 enters, oxygen and water vapor leave
33
Q

Guard cells role in regulating photosynthesis

A

-regulate opening and closing of stomata. Only lets certain things in/out

34
Q

Light dependent

A

Reactants: CO2+H20 and light
Products: ATP, NADPH
Chlorophyll role- this takes place in chlorophyll (in the thylakoids)
-Pigments- trap green/yellow light and reflect orange or yellow

35
Q

Light independent reaction

A

Reactants: ATP and NADPH
Products: glucose (energy)
Role of chlorophyll molecule: nothing
Accessory pigment forl-

36
Q

Explain how the light and dark reactions are linked together

A

The light dependent reaction creates ATP and NADPH using light, H20 and ADP/NADPH, which are uncharged batteries. After the light depedent reaction takes place, the batteries are now charged (ATP and NADPH). The energy from the charged batteries (ATP and NADPH) are then used with CO2 and H20 in the calvin cycle (aka light independent reaction) to make the plants food, sugar. The batteries are now uncharged and are known as ADP and NADPH +. They are used in the light dependent reation

37
Q

Photo

A

Light

38
Q

Chloro

A

Green

39
Q

-phyll

A

Leaf

40
Q

Stome

A

Mouth

41
Q

Xantho

A

Yellow

42
Q

All Organisms Need Energy

A

All organisms require energy to live. There are two
main ways to obtain this necessary energy: autotrophs and heterotrophs
Cells use energy trapped in chemical bonds (hydrocarbon bonds). When these
bonds are broken, energy is released for cellular activities.
 When cells use several linked chemical pathways to
create the energy needed, this is called a biochemical
pathway.
Endothermic: energy goes in
Exothermic: energy goes out

43
Q

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

A

 Cells find energy by breaking bonds in a very
special molecule called ATP
-3 phosphates, charged battery

44
Q

 ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

A

Uncharged ADP. another
important molecule involved with cellular energy
-2 phosphates

45
Q

ATP/ADP components

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
RIbose (carbon ring)
3 phosphate groups
NUCLEOTIDE

46
Q

How is energy stored

A

 Energy is stored (in a “high energy” bond) when a
phosphate group is added to ADP
Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is
removed (the “high energy” bond is broken)…
 Note: This same system works between NADPH and
NADP+
Eukaryotes store ATP
-A cycle

47
Q

How does light travel

A

Light travels as waves of energy
 Reflection (light bouncing off, the color being shown), Transmission (ray of light moving through an object), Absorption (light being absorbed)
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue and reflects green
Black-absorbs all ligh
White- reflects all light

48
Q

What are pigments

A 
Proteins that trap light
energy from the sun, photosynthesis
depends on this absorption of light
to begin
-ex: chlorophyll
49
Q

Why do pigments appear as different

colors?

A 
EXAMPLES:
 Chlorophyll : Appears green- absorbs
 A: Traps Red Light
 B: Traps Blue Light
 Accessory Pigments: Trap
green/yellow
 Carotene: Appears orange
 Xanthophyll: Appears yellow
The least important color
for photosynthesis?
GREEN!!
-Leaves change color bc they lose chlorophyll and chloroplasts
50
Q

Chromatography

A 
 Can be used to separate plant
pigments based on their molecular
size
 Watch a video!
 Rf Values: Distance Pigment Moved (mm) divided by
 Distance Solvent Moved (mm)
NOTES:
 Rf 
value will always be less than 1
 The higher the Rf
value, the smaller the
pigment
51
Q 
This weekend your teacher went to the
store and bought a new, hi-tech, green
colored plant growth light. She placed a
plant underneath this light inside of the
fume hood and closed it tightly.
Will the plant be able to undergo
photosynthesis?
A

No, chlorophyll reflects green light and does not absorv it

52
Q

Do all cells in an autotroph have the same dominant organelle

A

No

53
Q

Chloroplasts things inside

A 
Thylakoid Membranes =
photosynthetic sacs (site of
light absorption)
 Granum = stack of thylakoids
 Stroma = liquid
outside/surrounds the
thylakoids
54
Q

What does an autotroph need to do photosynthesis

A 
Water
 Sunlight
 Carbon Dioxide
 Chlorophyll (a light capturing
pigment)
 Enzymes (remember how
specific these are!)
55
Q

Overview of Photosynthesis

A

Definition: Process in which plants convert energy from the sun into
stored chemical energy (glucose).
The General Reaction for Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H20  C6H12O6 + 02
Temperature and Light Intensity can both affect the rate of photosynthesis, but it
will either decrease or level off at some point……try sketching a graph of this 
For light, as light increases, rate of photosynthesis also increases, until it reaches a certain point where then rate of photosynthesis will continue to plateau as there is no such thing as too much light will just stop absorbing
For temp, as temp rises, rate of photosynthesis rises and as around 50 it plateaus for a while. As it nears 100, rate decreases bc with more temp, water evaporates

56
Q

2 main reactions in photosynthesis

A

1) Light Dependent Reaction-needs light
2) Light Independent (Dark) Reaction/Calvin Cycle- does not need light
Photo- light
synthesis- together/build

57
Q

Stomata/Stoma:

A

opening on underside of most
leaves, entry site of carbon dioxide, release of
oxygen from photosynthesis occurs here, water
vapor is released here (transpiration)

58
Q

Guard Cells:

A

specialized cells that regulate
opening and closing of stomata, open and close using
a H+ pump and by manipulating the turgor pressure
of the cells

59
Q

Light dependent reaction summary

A 
Location: occurs in the thylakoid (chloropyll)
membranes
Function:
 Harvested light energy is
converted from sunlight to
electrical (electrical charges) energy (ETC)
 Uses energy from the sun to
produce ATP and NADPH needed
for next reaction
Important events you should know:
 Chlorophyll is energized
 Water is split
 ATP and NADPH are formed
 Hydrogen is trapped
60
Q

Light independent summary

A 
Does not require light to occur (can
actually occur in light or dark)
Location: takes place in the stroma
Function: Uses energy from ATP and
NADPH to produce high energy
carbohydrates (sugars)
Important events you should know:
 Reactions form organic compounds
using energy stored from Lightdependent
reactions in bonds of
NADPH and ATP
61
Q

Which organisms perform photosynthesis and which do cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis: autotrophs
Cellular: All cells

62
Q

Compare and contrast cellular respiration and respiration

A

Respiration: Co2 and O2 are exchanged between lungs and air. Breathing
-Exchange of gases
Both: are harvesting energy
Cellular: Cells use O2 to break down fuel, releasing Co2 as a waste product

63
Q

Balanced equation for cellular respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP Energy

64
Q

Dont forget to remember to label mitochondria

A

ljjllfkjd

65
Q

Dont forget to label cells

A

fclfjlk

66
Q

Summarize difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic repiration including differences in ATP Production

A

Anaerobic- Glucose-> glucosis -> pyruvate-> without O2-> fermentation (alcohol- process where yeast and bacteria convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2, No ATP gained. Lactic acid fermentation-> enzyme reactions convert pyruvic acid into another 3-carbon compound, lactic acid, No ATP gained). Happens within cytoplasm. Makes lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 (for yeast)
-Gycolysis happens within the cytoplasm and is the only thing that uses ATP to make more ATP
Aerobic-> glycosis, O2, Krebs cycle (from within mitochondria matrix) , citric acid cycle, electron transport chain(mitochondria inner membrane), requires oxygen, produces 20X more ATP than just glycosis up to 38 ATP gained

67
Q

LOOK at ATP models

A

hfdfjl

68
Q

Photosynthesis v. cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis:

  • Location: chlorophyll, stoma
  • Function: create glucose
  • Reactants: 6CO2+ 6H2O+ light
  • Products: C6H12O6 and 6O2

Both
Function: create energy

Cell:

  • Location: mitochondria matrix, inner membrane
  • Function: create ATP
  • reactants: C6H12)6+ 6H2O+ energy
69
Q

Why do different pigments have different RF values

A

Different pigments have different RF values because some pigments are larger or smaller than others

70
Q

RF value formula

A

Distance distance pigment move (MM) divided by
Distance solvent moved (MM)
Means the % of distance that the pigment traveled

Biology Honors Semester 1 (9 decks)

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