Chapter 2 Targets Flashcards
I can draw an example of and reconise the structure of isomers
Isomers are molecules with the same amount of atoms in them and are made of the same things, but the structure of the molecules are different
- Equal element ratios between the molecules
- Must have the same elements
I can use all three PH indicators discussed in class to determine the acidity of a solution. I can also use these indicators to determine if an organism is alive
Litmus paper- Dip both the blue and red paper into the solution being tested. If both papers turn red, the solution is acidic, if both papers turn blue, them the solution is basic
PH Paper- Works like litmus paper, but provides a more accurate and precise reading for how acid or basic a solution is
PH probe- Place the probe into the solution and the probe will give a reading
BTB- Place a few drops into a solution and if there is a living organism within the solution, the color of the solution will change
I can draw and label a water molecule showing the properties that make it polar. I can describe the properties of water and relate water’s polarity to the major properties that make it important to living things
Water is polar which is part of what makes it the universal solvent (It can dissolve most solutes as the the positive charge attracts negative atoms and the negative charge attracts positive atoms. Water is also neutral on the PH scale which makes water anle to interact with most livinh things as water’s PH does not throw a living thing’s PH off. Most cellular activities also takes place in water. Water also stabilizes the enbironment within living organisms.
- Un even charges of the - and + and makes water polar which allows it to “wiggle” it’s way between certain atoms in some molecules.
- Mickey mouse shape ears are hydrogens and potitive while head is oxygen and negative
I can define the terms organic and inorganic, explain how to determine if a molecule is organic, and list examples of both types of moleule that are important to living systems
Organic- Derived from living things and is composed of carbon used as a backbone or a skeleton. EX: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), nucleic acids, and proteins
-You know if a molecule is organic if carbon is used as a backbone/major part of structure
Inorganic- Derived from non-living things. EX: water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen compounds, minerals, and vitamins
I can visualize/draw the difference between a monomer and a polymer
Monomers are only one unit, only one copy. Polymers consist of repeated linked units or monomers. Polymers are typically 3+ monomers linked together using dehydration synthesis
I can explain and give an example of a condensation reaction and a hydrolysis reaction for each of the major groups of organic compounds. (Make sure you are able to show where water is lost/gained in this reaction!)
Hydrolysis
-Adding water to polymer of dimers to break them apart into monomers
-Occurs when a polymer is broken down with water
-The opposite of condensation reaction
-Separates
1 Dissarcharide + H2O = 1 monosaccharides
Condensation
- Occurs when monomers are chemically combines and water is released
- Is what changes/links monomers into dimers and polymers
- AKA dehydration synthesis
- 2 amino acids linking together = 1 protein and H2O (1 hydrogen from amino group and 1 hydroxide from carboxly group)
I can draw a carbon molecule and explain how it bonds to the molecules around it and I can explain why this bonding pattern males it an essentail part of organic chemistry
Carbon readily bonds to the molecules around it with 4 bonding sites for covalent bonds. This bonding pattern makes it an essential part of organic chemistry because it allows carbons to form the backbone that other atoms can build off of an also bonds to other carbon atoms forming chains, rings, or branched chains.
I can explain where energy is stored in molecules and what makes molecules better for energy storage than others (lab skill)
Energy is stored in molecules in carbons bonded to hydrogens. This is what makes some molecules netter for energy storage than others. For examples, there are carbons bonded to hydrogens and one of the main functions of carbohydrates is energy storage, however lipids are better energy storers and they store energy long-term. This is because lipids have long chains of carbons bonded to hydrogens and therefore, they also store quite a lot of energy as well
I have memorized the elements found in carbohydrates and the major functions of carbohydrates
Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ( in a set ratio CH2O)
Major functions: Energy storage, provide structure (give anthropods glycogen and plants cellulose)
I can write out the basic molecular formula for mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, including the basic pattern seen int he ratio of elements
Mono
- C6 H12 O6
- 1 carbon to 2 hydrogens to 1 oxygen (CH2O)
Di
- C12 H22 O11
- 6 carbons to 11 hydrogens to 5.5 oxygens (C6 H11 O5.5)
Poly
- C18 H32 O16
- 9 Carbons to 16hydrogens to 8 oxygens (C9 H16 O8)
I can reconize (and draw) the basic structure of the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates (Lab skill)
Monosaccharide: hexagon shape with 5 carbons on each edge and one oxygen. H and OH are bonded to 4 carbons. The oxygen is not bonded to anything. A cabon is bonded to CH2OH
Polysaccharide: 3 or more monosaccharides (H20 is lost in between each) and the monosaccharides are only bonded by an oxygen
I can explain the positive chemical results for an organic compound test for the two types of carbohydrates (Lab skill)
Monosaccharides (sugars): Benedict’s test. Place equal amounts of Benedict’s and testing solution in a test tube. Heat the test tube for a few minutes. Positive results: The orginally blue color will turn a bright color, like orange
Polysaccharides (starches): Iodine test. Place equal parts iodine solution and testing solution in the tray. Positive results: Brown iodine will turn a dark or black or dark purple.
I have memorizes the elements and compounds (backbone and tails) in lipids. I can list he major functions of lipids and give real world examples of lipids
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Compounds: (Unbonded) backbone: 3 carbons bonded to 5 hydrogens and 3 hydroxides. 1 fatty acid tail (aka 1 monomer): 1 hydroxide, 3 carbons, 1 double bonded oxygen, 5 hydrogens
Major functions: Prevents dessication (drying out), long-term energy storage, makes up all cell membranes
Examples: Butter, lard, peanut corn canola olive oil
I can explain positive chemical results for an organic compound test for a lipid (Lab skill)
Brown paper towel test: Place a few drops of the liquid being tested on a brown paper towel and wait for it to dry. Positive results: The liquid spot is transparent and can see through the towel
I have memorized the elements and compounds in nucleic acids and the functions of nucleic acids. I can list examples of nucleic acids
Elements: Carbon, oxygen, phosphate, hydrogen, nitrogen
Compounds: nucleotides (monomer unit of nucleic acids): nitrogen, phosphate group, bonded to a 5-carbon sugar
Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP
Functions: DNA- Polymer that records cell informationabd passes it down from generation to generation. RNA- polymer that reads DNA instructions and carries out its instructions. ATP- molecule used to store/release enerhy in cellular reactions
