Taxonomy Flashcards
taxonomy
- the science of classification and the nomenclature used
- takes into account anatomical and structural characteristics, modes of excretion, movement, and digestion, genetic makeup, and biochemical characteristics
Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, and Fungi
Six Kingdoms
Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia
Monera
- prokaryotes (ex: bacteria)
- lack a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelle and are single-celled organisms that reproduce asexually
Eubacteria
- generally single-celled prokaryotes with a single double-stranded circular loop of DNA that is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane
- morphological appearances: cocci (round), bacilli (rods), and spirilla (spiral)
Cyanobacteria
- live primarily in fresh water but also exist in marine environments
- cell wall and photosynthetic pigments but have no flagella, true nuclei, chloroplasts, or mitochondria
- can withstand extreme temperatures
Archaea
- prokaryotes, and often have cell walls and flagella
- have cell membranes that compose of glycerolether lipids
Protista
- contains primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
- either single cells or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissues
Protozoa
- single-celled organisms that are heterotrophic and in some ways are similar to litle animals
- rhizopods move with cellular extensions called pseudopods
- the ciliophors have cilia that are used for feeding and locomotion
Algae
-primarily photosynthetic organisms
Slime Molds
- arranged in coenocytic (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm
- reproduce asexually by sporulation
Fungi
- nonphotosynthetic plants
- cell walls are composed of chitin and not cellulose
- eukaryotes and primarily multicellular
- heterotrophs
- may be saprophytic (decomposing dead organic material) or parasitic (extracting nutrients from their hosts)
- reproduce by asexual sporulation
Plantae
- includes multicellular organisms that exhibit differentiation of tissues and are nonmotile photosynthetic
- known as autotrophs
- contain chloroplasts for the manufacture of carbohydrates
Bryophytes
- simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues
- lack xylem that functions as support in tracheophytes and retain flagellated sperm cells that must swim to the eggs
- live in moist places
- undergo alternation of generations
- gametophyte is the dominant generation
- sporophytes is smaller and shorter-lived, growing off the gametophyte from the archegonium
Tracheophytes
- vascular plants that are complex with a great degree of differentiation
- contain vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
- anchored by deep roots
- grow to great heights
Non-seed-bearing
pteriodphyta and lycophyta
Pterophytes
- ex: fern
- grow from an underground stem called the rhizone and contain large leaves that possess many vascular bundles
Lycophytes
- belong to an ancient subdivision known as lycopodiophyta
- the have roots, are nonwoody, and contain microphyll leaves
Angiosperms
- members of the division Angiospermae, which contains the greatest number of different plant species of all the extant plant divisions
- have covered seeds are the most abundant of all plants
- have flowers
Dicotyledons (dicots)
- angiosperms with net-veined leaves and vascular bundles around a ring within the central cylinder
- contain two cotyledons (seed leaves) within the seed
Monocotyledons
-angiosperms that contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, and seeds with single cotyledons
Gymnosperms
- naked-seeded plants
- grow in diameter and length and are woody
- most are evergreens
Conifers
- make up the largest grouping of gymnosperms
- have cones, spiral clusters of modified leaves
Animalia
- contains multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms that have differentiated tissues
- ingest bulk foods, digest them, and then eliminate the remains
- most have bilateral symmetry
