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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

the basic unit of heredity

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

where genes are located

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3
Q

Alleles

A

the alternative forms of multiple genes

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4
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical manifestation of the genetic makeup of an individual

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6
Q

Law of Segregation

A
  • genes exist in alternative forms
  • an organism has two alleles for each inherited trait (one from each parent)
  • two alleles segregate during meiosis
  • the expressed allele is the dominant one and the silent allele is the recessive
  • organisms that contain two copies of the same allele are homozygous & organisms that carry two different alleles are heterozygous
  • the dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype
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7
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A
  • applies when only one trait is being studied in the particular mating
  • parental generation: the individuals being crossed
  • filial generation: the progeny generations
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8
Q

Punnett Square

A
  • a way of predicting the genotypes expected from a cross drawing
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9
Q

Test Cross

A

-a diagnostic tool used to determine the genotype of an organism

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10
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

the inheritance of one such trait is completely independent of one another

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11
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

if the phenotype of heterozygate is an intermediate of the phenotypes of the homozygates, blending occurs

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12
Q

Codominance

A

occurs when multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant, there is no blending

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13
Q

Sex Determination

A
  • most chromosomes exist as pairs of homologous called autosomes
  • all humans have 22 pairs of autosomes
  • women: XX men: XY
  • sex linked: genes located on the X or Y chromosomes
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14
Q

Sex Linkage examples

A

homophilia or color-blindness

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15
Q

Environmental Facts

A
  • can affect the expression of a gene
  • interaction between the environment and the genotype produces the phenotype
  • temperature also influences the hair color
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16
Q

Cystoplasmic Inheritance

A

cytoplasmic genes may interact with nuclear genes and are important in determining the characteristics of their organelles

17
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meisois II

18
Q

Chromosomal Breakage

A

may occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors

19
Q

Mutations

A
  • changes in the genetic information coded in the DNA of a cell
  • in somatic cells, it can lead to tumors
  • in sex cells (gametes), it will be passed down to offspring
20
Q

Mutagenic agents

A
  • induce mutations (x-rays, UV rays, and radioactivity)
  • inhibit spindle formation
  • can be carcinogenic
21
Q

Point Mutation

A
  • a nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid

- stop codons can be lethal

22
Q

Frame Shift Mutation

A

nucleic acids are inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)

23
Q

Phenylketonuna (PKU)

A

a molecular disease caused by the inability to produce the proper enzyme for the metabolism of phenylalanine

24
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

a disease in which red blood cells become crescent shaped b/c they contain defective hemoglobin

25
Q

Bacterialgenome

A

consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleic acid region of the cell

26
Q

Replication

A

begins at a unique origin of replication and proceeds in both directions simultaenously
5’ to 3’ direction

27
Q

Genetic Variance

A

-reproduce by binary fission (a sexual process)

28
Q

Transformation

A

the process by which a foreign chromosome fragment (plasmid) is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination

29
Q

Conjugation

A
  • sexual mating in bacteria

- the transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that are temporarily joined

30
Q

Transduction

A

occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome become packaged into the viral progeny produced during such a viral infection (bacteriophages)

31
Q

Recombination

A

occurs when linked genes are spearated

32
Q

Transcription

A

based on the accessibility to control DNA polymerase, which is directed by an operon - includes an operon region and a promoter region

33
Q

Inducible systems

A
  • the repressor binds to the operator, forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes
  • for transcription to occur, an inducer must bind to the repressor (inducer-repressor complex)
  • the inducer is usually the substrate
34
Q

Repressible Systems

A
  • the repressor in inactive until it combines with the corepressor
  • corepressors are often end products of the biosynthetic pathways they control

Biology (17 decks)

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