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Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Pituitary, Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenals, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries, Pineal Gland, Kidneys, Gastrointestinal Glands, Heart, and Thymus

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2
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

-located on top of the kidneys and consist of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

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3
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

in response to stress, ACTH (produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are bound to transport proteins called transcortins

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4
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • examples: cortisol & cortisone
  • involved in glucose regulation & protein metabolism
  • raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis, increase plasma glucose levels and are antageniostic to the effects of insulin
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5
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • examples: aldosterone

- regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and consequently the extracellular fluid volume

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6
Q

Cortical Sex Hormones

A

the adrenal cortex secretes small quantities of androgens

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7
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which belong to a class of amino-acids derived compounds called catecholamines
  • promote release of lipids by adipose tissues “flight or fight” response
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8
Q

Pituitary Glands

A

-a small, trilobed gland at the base of the brain

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • synthesizes direct hormones, which directly act on their target organs
  • sytnhesizes tropic hormones, which stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
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10
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - tropic hormone

A

causes maturation of ovarian follicles - secrete estrogen also causes maturation of the seminiferous tubules to sperm production

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11
Q

Luteunizing Hormone (LH) -tropic hormone

A

stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpos leteum. Stimulates the interstitial cells of the testess to synthesize testosterone

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12
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) -tropic hormone

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocerticoids and is regulated by CRF

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13
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -tropic hormone

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

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14
Q

Prolactin - direct hormone

A

stimulates milk production in female mammary glands

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15
Q

Endorphins - direct hormone

A

neurotransmitters that have pain-relieving properties

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16
Q

Growth Hormones - direct hormone

A

promotes bone and muscle growth, protein synthesis and lipid mobilization and ctabolism

17
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) -direct hormone

A

secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary

18
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

does not synthesize hormones; it stores and releases the peptide hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

19
Q

Oxytocin

A

increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions

20
Q

ADH

A

increases the permeability of the nephron’s collecting duct to water (increases blood pressure)

21
Q

Hypthalamus

A

part of the forebrain and is located directly above the pituitary gland

22
Q

Interactions with the anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamic-releasing hormones stimulate or inhibit the secretions of the anterior pituitary

23
Q

Interactions with the posterior pituitary gland

A

nuerosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize both oxytocin and ADH and transport them via their axons into the posterior pituitary for storage and secretion

24
Q

Thyroid

A

affect the function of nearly every organ system in the body

25
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A
  • thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are formed from the glycoprotein thyroglobulin
  • T3 is five times more potent than T4
  • T4 and T3 are transported via plasma proteins
  • T4 is formed and secreted by the thyroid glands only
  • 20% of T3 is produced by the conversion of T4 to T3 by the enzyme 5’ - monodeiodase, found primarily in the peripheral tissues
26
Q

Pancreas

A

both an exocrine and endocrine gland

27
Q

Glucagon

A

stimulates protein and fat degradation

28
Q

Insulin

A

a protein hormone secreted in response to a high blood glucose concentration

29
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • four small, pea-shaped structures, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
  • these glands synthesize and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulate plasma Ca2+ concentration
30
Q

Kidneys

A
  • when blood volume falls, the kidneys produce renin-an enzyme that converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  • Angiotensin I is converted to angiotestin II, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone (helps restore blood volume by increasing sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
  • the kidneys also produce erythroporetin (EPO), a glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production
31
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones

A
  • ingested food stimulates the stomach to release the hormone gastrin
  • gastrin is carried to the gastrin glands and stimulates the glands to secrete HCl in response to food in the stomach
  • secretin is released by the small intestine when acidic chyme enters from the stomach
  • cholecystokinin is released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats and causes the contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the small intestine
  • bile (not a hormone) is involved in the emulsification and digestion of fats
32
Q

Pineal Gland

A

a tiny structure at the base of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin

33
Q

Mechanism of Hormone Action

A
  • peptide hormones act as first messengers

- cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger (inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme phosphodiesterase)

Biology (17 decks)

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