Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Lecture Unit 1 > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Linnaeus?

A

Established the system of scientific nomenclature: Genus and species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name all of the organisms in Kingdom Monera.

A

–BACTERIA
–ARCHAEBACTERIA
–VIRUSES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacteria?

A 
–Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
–Reproduce by binary fission
–Peptidoglycan cell walls
–Uses organic (heterotrophs)  and inorganic chemicals (Chemoheterotrophs) or photosynthesis (autotrophs) for energy
–Shapes are rod, coccus, spiral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are archaebacteria?

A

The oldest bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 characteristics of ARCHAEBACTERIA?

A
  • PROKARYOTIC (like bacteria)
  • Reproduce by binary fission (like bacteria)
  • LACK peptidoglycan (unlike bacteria)
  • They are extremophiles (Live in extreme environments; unlike bacteria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three types of extremophiles, and what conditions do they thrive in?

A
  1. Methanogens (like methane gas)
  2. Extreme Halophiles (like salt)
  3. Extreme Thermophiles (like extreme heat or cold)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the definition of normal microbiota?

A

Bacteria that normally live on our bodies but do not cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three main types of bacteria.

A

Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid Fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Four main shapes of bacteria.

A

Cocci (ball shaped)
Vibrio (comma shaped)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Spirochetes (spiral shaped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Cocci arrangements.

A

Staphylococcus (grape like clusters) – staphylococcus aureus
Diplococcus (pairs of two)
Tetrads (groups of four)
Streptococcus (bead necklace)-streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of Bacillus arrangements.

A

Singles

Chains: streptobacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a VIRUS?

A

–Acellular
–Consist of DNA or RNA core
–Core is surrounded by a protein coat
–Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
–Obligate intracellular parasites; live at the expense of host
–Smallest of all microbes
–Replicates in living host cell
–Antibiotics do not work; requires antiviral agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do viruses replicate?

A

Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell. Therefore, they are obligate intracellular parasites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do these have in common: HIV, the Common cold, and Hepatitis A?

A

They are all viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

By interfering with cell wall synthesis or metabolism. Viruses do not have these features.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an antiviral medicine used for Herpes Simplex 1? Does it cure the disease?

A

Acyclovir treats but does not cure the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can vaccines do that antibiotics cannot?

A

Vaccines can prevent some viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 3 examples of Protista?

A

ALGAE
PROTOZOA
FUNGI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 3 characteristics of ALGAE?

A
  • EUKARYOTES
  • Cellulose cell walls (like plants)
  • Use photosynthesis for Energy (autotrophs, like plants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do algae differ from plants?

A

They lack roots, stems, and leaves, and may be unicellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do Algae use for Energy?

A

They use photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do Algae produce?

A

They produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of cell walls are Algae composed of?

A

Cellulose cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are characteristics of Protozoa?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Ingest organic chemicals (heterotrophs)
  • Are usually motile (can move) either by pseudopods (false foot), cilia (hairs) or flagella (tail).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name two diseases caused by protozoa.

A

Malaria (carried by mosquitoes)

Amoebiasis (food and water poisoning).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Cell walls made of chitin
  • Heterotrophic (cannot make own food; have to eat something)
  • Use only organic chemicals for energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Are fungi plants? Why or why not?

A

No, because they are not autotrophs (don’t use photosynthesis).

29
Q

What are the three types of fungi?

A

Molds, mushrooms, and yeasts.

30
Q

What is the difference between molds and yeasts?

A

Molds are multicellular; Yeasts are unicellular

31
Q

What are two types of yeasts we will cover?

A
  • Saccharomyces (used to make beer)

- Candida albicans (vaginal yeast infections)

32
Q

What are the characteristics of plants?

A
  • Photosynthetic (use sunlight to make food)
  • Autotrophs (make their own food)
  • Have roots, stems, and leaves
33
Q

Do plants cause microbiological diseases?

A

No.

34
Q

What are the two types of animals we will cover?

A
  • Helminthes (flat worms and tapeworms)

- Nematodes (roundworms)

35
Q

What are characteristics of HELMINTHES AND NEMATODES ? (parasitic worms)

A

–Eukaryotes
–Helminthes: parasitic flat worms and tapeworms
–Nematodes: parasitic roundworms
–Endoparasites: animals that live inside other animals through fecal contamination

36
Q

What are the Taxonomic Ranks?

A 
Domain
   Kingdom
      Phylum
         Class
            Order
               Family
                  Genus
                     Species
37
Q

What is a mnemonic to remember the order of the Taxonomic Ranks?

A

Dashing King Phillip Came Over From Greece Singing

38
Q

Define BIOTECHNOLOGY.

A

The manipulation of biological organisms to make products that benefit human beings.

39
Q

Give 4 examples of uses for biotechnology.

A

Food production
Waste disposal
Mining
Medicine

40
Q

What is Microbial ecology?

A

The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment.

41
Q

What is Microbial genetics?

A

The study of the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits.

42
Q

What is Microbial physiology?

A

The study of the metabolism of microbes.

43
Q

What is Molecular biology?

A

The science of dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms.

44
Q

What is Genomics?

A

The study of an organism’s genes; used to classify microorganisms.

45
Q

What is Bioremediation?

A

Any process that uses microorganisms to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. It is when bacteria are used to clean up pollutants such as oil spills and industrial toxic wastes, mercury, degrade organic matter in sewage.

46
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Production of pure chemicals as pharmaceuticals.

47
Q

What are some examples of pharmaceuticals derived from pure chemicals?

A

Insulin, growth factors, Antibodies

48
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.

49
Q

How are probiotics commonly used?

A

They are bacteria added to milk, yogurt, and other foods.

50
Q

What is the most common group of microbes used for probiotics?

A

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

51
Q

What provides the characteristic sour taste of fermented dairy foods?

A

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

52
Q

What acts as a preservative, by lowering the pH and creating fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow?

A

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

53
Q

What is Genetic engineering?

A

Making bacteria and fungi produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.

54
Q

Describe how Bacterial Genetic Engineering works within BIOTECHNOLOGY.

A

–Restriction enzymes cut the DNA strands of any organism at precise points.
–This is how the sequence of a person’s DNA can be determined.
–A specific gene can be removed from one
bacterium and inserted it into another using restriction enzymes.

55
Q

What are transgenic bacteria?

A

Bacteria to which a gene from a different species has been transferred.

56
Q

What is an example of use for transgenic Bacteria?

A

Inserting a gene into E coli bacteria, to make it produce insulin for us.

57
Q

What is Recombinant DNA?

A

DNA which is manipulated and inserted into an organism to give it traits we want.

58
Q

What is the function of E.coli in our intestines?

A

Helping to digest food that we cannot digest.

59
Q

What do our colon bacteria do for us? How does this affect the body?

A

Microbes produce folic acid, biotin, and vitamin K, substances we need to survive but cannot make ourselves. Useful microbes compete for nutrients in our body, keeping out harmful bacteria.

60
Q

What leads to evolution of bacteria?

A

Mutation leads to evolution of bacteria.

61
Q

What happens to some bacteria that are exposed to insufficient doses of antibiotics, or for a duration that is not long enough?

A

Antibiotic use causes resistance and evolution of bacteria.

62
Q

How does travel affect the body in terms of microbes?

A

Travel exposes us to microbes we are not used to.

63
Q

How does deforestation (removal of trees, especially in the tropics, Africa, Central America) affect the ecosystem and microbes?

A

Deforestation destroys the ecosystem and disturbs natural balance of microbes.

64
Q

What is a Nosocomial disease and how is it acquired?

A

Acquired in hospitals; an infection that develops during the course of a hospital stay and was not present at the time the patient was admitted.

65
Q

Define Neonate?

A

Newborn

66
Q

What does it mean to be Immunocompromised?

A

Immune system is not working properly, so person is vulnerable to disease caused by normal microbiota.

67
Q

What do bacteria recycle?

A

Carbon, Nutrients, Sulfates & Phosphates

68
Q

What is a natural alternative for pesticides?

A

Bacteria

69
Q

What are the benefits of using bacteria in place of pesticides?

A

Environmentally friendly, little or no effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators and most other beneficial insects.

Micro Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions