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Micro Lecture Unit 1 > Historians > Flashcards

Historians Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for enzymatic degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon)?

A

Fermentation

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2
Q

Give an example:

A

ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required.

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3
Q

What is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air?

A

Fermentation

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4
Q

What is the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens?

A

Pasteurization

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5
Q

What does Aerobic mean?

A

Requires Oxygen

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6
Q

What does Anaerobic mean?

A

Requires an environment without oxygen

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7
Q

What does facultative mean?

A

Can survive in environments with or without oxygen

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8
Q

What philosopher scientist first coined the phrase “spontaneous generation?”

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Who believed that bees grew from honey and flies grew from meat?

A

Virgil

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10
Q

Who first used a magnifying lens called “flea glasses?”

A

The Romans

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11
Q

Who invented the first compound microscope?

A

Janssen

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12
Q

Who improved both the microscope and the telescope?

A

Galileo

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13
Q

Who improved the simple microscope to a magnification of 270x?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

Who first described microbes?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek

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15
Q

Bacterial Arrangements

What are the types of: Pairs

A

diplococcic & diplobacilli

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16
Q

Bacterial Arrangements

What are the types of: Clusters

A

staphylococci

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17
Q

Bacterial Arrangements

What are types of: Chains

A

streptococci & streptobacilli

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18
Q

Robert Hooke looked at a cork under a microscope and coined what term?

A

“Cells”

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19
Q

What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arose from nonliving life?

A

Spontaneous generation

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20
Q

Who thought that mice grew from hay and coined the term “Spontaneous Generation”?

A

Aristotle

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21
Q

According to spontaneous generation, what forms life?

A

Vital force

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22
Q

What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arise from preexisting life?

A

Biogenesis

23
Q

Who was a believer in biogenesis and set out to prove that maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs in the meat?

A

Redi

24
Q

How did Francisco Redi prove biogenesis?

A

He filled covered jars with meat, proving that maggots do not spontaneously grow from the meat.

25
Q

How did John Needham prove spontaneous generation?

A

Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and got microbial growth, so he thought that proved that organisms can spontaneously be created.

26
Q

What was flawed with Needham’s experiment?

A

His flask was covered with a non-sterile cork

27
Q

Who believed that microorganisms are present in the air, and set out to prove it?

A

Louis Pasteur

28
Q

Who designed a special S-Shaped flask that demonstrated that Spontaneous Generation Theory was false?

A

Louis Pasteur

29
Q

Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

30
Q

Who discovered the sheep vaccine for Anthrax?

A

Louis Pasteur

31
Q

What three vaccines did Louis Pasteur invent?

A

Sheep anthrax
Chicken cholera
Rabies

32
Q

Who is responsible for the Cell Theory?

A

Rudolf Virchow

33
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Cells are the smallest working units of living things
  • All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory)
34
Q

Who discovered that the silkworm disease is caused by a fungus?

A

Agostino Bassi

35
Q

Describe the process for Koch’s Postulates.

A
  • Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample.
  • Isolate this microbe in pure culture.
  • Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease.
  • Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal.
36
Q

If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal what does this prove?

A

The etiology (cause) of the disease.

37
Q

What did Joseph Lister invent?

A

Carbolic spray to disinfect surfaces in the operating room. His descendants later invented Listerine.

38
Q

What breakthrough did Semmelwise discover?

A

He discovered that puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.

39
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich make?

A

He made the first antibiotic. It was for syphilis.

40
Q

What did Von Behring invent?

A

Invented diphtheria antitoxin

41
Q

What did Ronald Ross discover?

A

He discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria.

42
Q

Who discovered white blood cells and phagocytosis and began the field of immunology?

A

Metchnikoff

43
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic and when?

A

Alexander Fleming in 1928

44
Q

The Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed what?

A

S. aureus

45
Q

When was Penicillin clinically tested and mass produced?

A

In the 1940s

46
Q

Who purified penicillin as a medicine?

A

Chain and Florey

47
Q

Who invented testing for streptococcus?

A

Rebecca Lancefield

48
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Frederick Griffith

49
Q

Who detailed the structure of human DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

50
Q

What 3 items form DNA?

A

Deoxyribose
A,T,C,G nucleic acids
Phosphate

51
Q

Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Jacob and Monod

52
Q

Who discovered the genetic structure of viruses?

A

Delbruck and Hershey

53
Q

Who performed a landmark series of experiments regarding antibody genetics?

A

Tonegawa

54
Q

Who discovered prions?

A

Prusiner

Micro Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

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