Historians Flashcards
What is the term for enzymatic degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon)?
Fermentation
Give an example:
ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required.
What is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air?
Fermentation
What is the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens?
Pasteurization
What does Aerobic mean?
Requires Oxygen
What does Anaerobic mean?
Requires an environment without oxygen
What does facultative mean?
Can survive in environments with or without oxygen
What philosopher scientist first coined the phrase “spontaneous generation?”
Aristotle
Who believed that bees grew from honey and flies grew from meat?
Virgil
Who first used a magnifying lens called “flea glasses?”
The Romans
Who invented the first compound microscope?
Janssen
Who improved both the microscope and the telescope?
Galileo
Who improved the simple microscope to a magnification of 270x?
Van Leeuwenhoek
Who first described microbes?
Van Leeuwenhoek
Bacterial Arrangements
What are the types of: Pairs
diplococcic & diplobacilli
Bacterial Arrangements
What are the types of: Clusters
staphylococci
Bacterial Arrangements
What are types of: Chains
streptococci & streptobacilli
Robert Hooke looked at a cork under a microscope and coined what term?
“Cells”
What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arose from nonliving life?
Spontaneous generation
Who thought that mice grew from hay and coined the term “Spontaneous Generation”?
Aristotle
According to spontaneous generation, what forms life?
Vital force
What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arise from preexisting life?
Biogenesis
Who was a believer in biogenesis and set out to prove that maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs in the meat?
Redi
How did Francisco Redi prove biogenesis?
He filled covered jars with meat, proving that maggots do not spontaneously grow from the meat.
How did John Needham prove spontaneous generation?
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and got microbial growth, so he thought that proved that organisms can spontaneously be created.
What was flawed with Needham’s experiment?
His flask was covered with a non-sterile cork
Who believed that microorganisms are present in the air, and set out to prove it?
Louis Pasteur
Who designed a special S-Shaped flask that demonstrated that Spontaneous Generation Theory was false?
Louis Pasteur
Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
Who discovered the sheep vaccine for Anthrax?
Louis Pasteur
What three vaccines did Louis Pasteur invent?
Sheep anthrax
Chicken cholera
Rabies
Who is responsible for the Cell Theory?
Rudolf Virchow
What does the cell theory state?
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the smallest working units of living things
- All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory)
Who discovered that the silkworm disease is caused by a fungus?
Agostino Bassi
Describe the process for Koch’s Postulates.
- Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample.
- Isolate this microbe in pure culture.
- Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease.
- Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal.
If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal what does this prove?
The etiology (cause) of the disease.
What did Joseph Lister invent?
Carbolic spray to disinfect surfaces in the operating room. His descendants later invented Listerine.
What breakthrough did Semmelwise discover?
He discovered that puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.
What did Paul Ehrlich make?
He made the first antibiotic. It was for syphilis.
What did Von Behring invent?
Invented diphtheria antitoxin
What did Ronald Ross discover?
He discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria.
Who discovered white blood cells and phagocytosis and began the field of immunology?
Metchnikoff
Who discovered the first antibiotic and when?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
The Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed what?
S. aureus
When was Penicillin clinically tested and mass produced?
In the 1940s
Who purified penicillin as a medicine?
Chain and Florey
Who invented testing for streptococcus?
Rebecca Lancefield
Who discovered DNA?
Frederick Griffith
Who detailed the structure of human DNA?
Watson and Crick
What 3 items form DNA?
Deoxyribose
A,T,C,G nucleic acids
Phosphate
Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Jacob and Monod
Who discovered the genetic structure of viruses?
Delbruck and Hershey
Who performed a landmark series of experiments regarding antibody genetics?
Tonegawa
Who discovered prions?
Prusiner
