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Micro Lecture Unit 1 > Energy & Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Converts glucose, fructose, or galactose (sugars) into 2 pyruvate molecules plus 2 ATP.
The pyruvate is then sent to the mitochondria to undergo the Kreb’s cycle to make more energy molecules.

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3
Q

What does glycolysis use up, which needs to be restored before glycolysis can continue?

A

It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH.

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4
Q

What is another name for the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or

Citric Acid Cycle

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5
Q

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

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6
Q

What is necessary for the Kreb’s Cycle to occur?

A

Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA)

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7
Q

What does the Kreb’s Cycle do?

A

It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses Acetyl CoA (end product of carbohydrate, fat, or protein metabolism) and creates energy molecules which are like ATP.

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8
Q

What is the waste product of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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9
Q

In the Kreb’s Cycle what is NAD reduced to?

A

NADH

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10
Q

Where is the NADH sent? Why?

A

To the Electron Transport System so it can be converted back to NAD so glycolysis can continue.

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11
Q

What is the Electron Transport System also known as?

A

The electron transport system is also known as Cellular respiration & Oxidative phosphorylation.

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12
Q

How many NADH molecules are taken from glycolysis and the TCA cycle in the electron transport system?

A

16 NADH molecules are taken from glycolysis and the TCA cycle in the electron transport system.

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13
Q

In the electron transport system, what are the 16 NADH molecules reduced to so that glycolysis can continue?

A

The 16 NADH molecules are reduced to NAD so that glycolysis can continue.

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14
Q

What is generated as a result of the electron transport system?

A

ATP is generated as a result of the electron transport system.

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15
Q

Which two compounds can be used as the final electron acceptor when the electron transport system is performing under anaerobic conditions? Can humans use these?

A

Sulfate or Nitrite are two compounds that can be used when the electron transport system is performing under anaerobic conditions. Humans do not have these to use; only microbes can do this.

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16
Q

What are two possible waste products of the electron transport system when it is performing under anaerobic conditions?

A

Hydrogen sulfide or Ammonia are two possible waste products of the electron transport system when performing under anaerobic conditions.

17
Q

If sulfate is used when the electron transport system is performing under anaerobic conditions, what is the waste product?

A

Hydrogen sulfide is the waste product if sulfate is used when the electron transport system is performing under anaerobic conditions.

18
Q

If nitrite is used when the electron transport system is performing under anaerobic conditions, what is the waste product?

A

Ammonia is the waste product if nitrite is used when the electron transport system is performing under anaerobic conditions.

19
Q

What is consumed when the electron transport system is performing in the presence of oxygen?

A

Oxygen is consumed when the electron transport system is performing in the presence of oxygen.

20
Q

What is the waste product of the electron transport system when performing in the presence of oxygen?

A

Water is the waste product of the electron transport system when performing in the presence of oxygen.

21
Q

What three fermentation pathways are used when oxygen is not present and therefore NADH molecules can’t use the electron transport chain to be converted back to NAD?

A

3 Fermentation pathways:
Homolactic
Ethanolic
2, 3, Butanediolic

22
Q

Which fermentation pathway is used by humans when no oxygen is present (such as in muscles during sprint running)?

A

Homolactic

23
Q

In a homolactic pathway the H+ from NADH is donated to what substance, converting it what kind of waste product?

A

H+ is donated to pyruvate, converting it inot the waste product: Lactic Acid

24
Q

By breathing heavily, oxygen is added to lactic acid, converting it what?

A

Glucose

25
Q

The lactic acid could also be carried by the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted back to what?

A

Pyruvate

26
Q

In what ways can lactic acid be eliminated?

A

Increasing circulation and oxygen.

Ultrasound or massage therapy for sore muscles.

27
Q

What pathway do yeasts use in order to perform glycolysis?

A

Fermentation

28
Q

In the ethanol fermentation pathway, what is pyruvate turned into?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

29
Q

How do we benefit from yeast’s ability to ferment?

A

We use yeast to make beer and bread.

30
Q

What is the 2, 3, Butanediole Pathway?

A

A fermentation process that some organisms use when oxygen is not available to convert pyruvate to ATP.

31
Q

What is the waste product of this pathway?

A

2, 3, Butanediole

32
Q

What type of organisms use this pathway?

A

Enterobacter (a type of coliform bacteria)

33
Q

How do you test a culture for this type of fermentation?

A

Positive VP test.

34
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

35
Q

What is called the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer?

A

ATP

36
Q

What is ATP’s role in energy production?

A

ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

It is also used in muscle contraction, motility and cell division.

37
Q

What happens to ATP when it is used?

A

ATP loses one phosphate when used to become ADP (diphosphate). The phosphate that is released is the high energy particle.

38
Q

What happens to ADP?

A

Metabolic processes convert ADP back to ATP, thus ATP is continuously recycled.

39
Q

How is Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) different from ATP?

A

GTP can only be used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis.

Micro Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

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