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Micro Lecture Unit 1 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells have a plasma membrane?

A

All cells, Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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2
Q

What types of substances does the plasma membrane allow to enter and exit?

A

It allows low molecular weight (small sized) substances (such as water) to get in and out depending on their concentration within the cell and outside of it.

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3
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • It holds the organelles inside of the cell
  • Allows some substances to come and go (oxygen and water molecules), but does not allow other things to get inside or leave.
  • It regulates the flow of nutrients in the cell.
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4
Q

How do substances enter and exit the plasma membrane by using a concentration gradient?

A

Diffusion

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5
Q

Does it require energy?

A

No.

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6
Q

What would happen if a substance ruptured the plasma membrane?

A

Any substance that can rupture the plasma membrane will kill the whole organism.

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7
Q

What types of substances would rupture the plasma membrane?

A

Alcohol, soaps, and other detergents easily rupture the plasma membrane.

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8
Q

Is the plasma membrane impermeable, semipermeable, or omnipermeable?

A

The plasma membrane is semipermeable.

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9
Q

What type of solution is salty water?

A

Hypertonic solution

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10
Q

Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell?

A

Hypertonic solution will have higher concentration of salt outside the cell.

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11
Q

What type of solution is pure water?

A

Hypotonic solution

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12
Q

Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell?

A

Hypotonic solution will have higher concentration of salt inside the cell.

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13
Q

Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse into the cell and make it pop.

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14
Q

Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse out of the cell and make it shrink.

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15
Q

What type of solution has the same amount of salt inside the cell and outside the cell?

A

Isotonic solution

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16
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

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17
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

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18
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer in a plasma membrane?

A

Two layers of a compound consisting of phosphates and lipids (fats). The outer and inner sides of the membrane are water soluble, and the area between is not water soluble.

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19
Q

What gives the plasma membrane semipermeability, which allows it to take in certain substances and keep out other substances?

A

The phospholipid bilayer.

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20
Q

What are lipoproteins and what is their purpose in the cell membrane?

A

Lipoproteins are made up of fat and proteins and are found in the plasma cell membrane. They are special proteins that can transport larger molecules like sugars into the cell.

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21
Q

When lipoproteins transport molecules, what kind of transport is this called?

A

Active transport because it requires some energy in the form of ATP.

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22
Q

Gram negative organisms have what type of cell membrane?

A

They have an inner and outer plasma membrane separated by a cell wall. The cell wall is thin, and made of peptidoglycan.

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23
Q

Gram positive organisms have what type of cell membrane?

A

They have only one plasma membrane inside of its cell wall. The cell wall is thick, and made of peptidoglycan.

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24
Q

In a gram-negative organism what does the outer plasma membrane contain? And what is it made of?

A

Lipopolysachharide (LPS) which is made of lipids (fats) and many sugars (polysachharides).

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25
Q

What are O antigens?

A

The string portion of LPS in Gram negative bacteria.

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26
Q

What are K antigens?

A

The capsule of bacteria that have capsules.

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27
Q

What are H Antigens?

A

The flagella of bacteria that have flagella.

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28
Q

What is the endotoxin in the LPS called?

A

Lipid A.

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29
Q

What has a more complex cell wall bacteria or humans?

A

More complex in Prokaryotes (bacteria) than in Eukaryotes (humans).

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30
Q

What keeps an organism from exploding from osmotic shock?

A

The rigidity of the cell wall keeps the organism from exploding from osmotic shock. Humans do not have cell walls.

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31
Q

What can only be found in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria.

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32
Q

What is the only bacterium that does not have a normal cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma (causes TB or leprosy, depending on the species) is the only bacteria without a normal cell wall (its cell wall is 60% waxy).

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33
Q

Is Mycoplasma gram negative or positive?

A

It is neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. It is called “Acid-fast” because it takes an acidic stain to color it.

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34
Q

What does a peptidoglycan consist of and what are they linked by?

A

Consists of a chain of two types of sugars (NAM and NAG) linked by proteins.

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35
Q

How are the sugars arranged?

A

The sugars are arranged in this order: NAG-NAM-NAG.

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36
Q

What is peptidoglycan also known as?

A

Peptidoglycan is also known as the murein layer.

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37
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made up of?

A

Made up of polymer of:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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38
Q

What are the two polymers connected by?

A

NAM is connected to NAG via a beta 1,4 linkage.

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39
Q

What breaks down the beta 1, 4 linkage?

A

Lysozyme enzymes break the beta 1,4 linkage.

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40
Q

How does penicillin kill bacteria?

A

Prevents cell wall synthesis.

Prevents amino acid linkage (peptide bond formation).

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41
Q

What results in Gram positive organisms when penicillin is taken?

A

Protoplast (cell wall dissolves away)

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42
Q

What results in Gram negative organisms when penicillin is taken?

A

Partially lose cell wall, becomes a spheroplast (round cell).

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43
Q

What happens to cells that become a protoplast or spheroplast?

A

Osmotic pressure occurs and the cell bursts and dies.

44
Q

Which Gram type bacteria has less (thinner) peptidoglycan?

A

Gram negative

45
Q

Which Gram type bacteria have an inner and outer plasma membrane?

A

Gram negative

46
Q

Where is the outer plasma membrane located?

A

External to the cell wall.

47
Q

Where is the inner plasma membrane located?

A

Internal to the cell wall.

48
Q

Which organisms have more peptidoglycan, Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Gram positive

49
Q

For both Gram positive and Gram negative, where does the Gram stain enter the cells?

A

The dye enters the cytoplasm of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells.

50
Q

Why is the iodine unable to leave the cell wall?

A

The iodine forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape through the cell wall.

51
Q

How does the Crystal Violet-Iodine complex leak out?

A

Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the gram negative cells and leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which the iodine leaks.

52
Q

Which cells absorb safranin, Gram negative or positive?

A

Gram negative and Gram positive both absorb safranin.

53
Q

What applies only to gram positive cells in relation to safranin?

A

The pink color of safranin is masked by the darker purple dye previously absorbed by gram positive cells.

54
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Glycocalyx.

A
  • Outside of cell wall
  • Usually sticky
  • Extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to attach
55
Q

What does a Glycocalyx consist of?

A

Capsule and Slime Layer

56
Q

What is the capsule made of?

A

Non-slimy proteins (made of polypeptides) and sugars (polysaccharides).

57
Q

Is a capsule neatly organized?

A

Yes

58
Q

Does every bacterium have a capsule?

A

No

59
Q

What is the purpose of a capsule?

A

To store nutrients and inhibit phagocytosis.

60
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Whip-like tail used for motility.

61
Q

Can you see the flagella in live cells?

A

Not without a special stain, which would kill the cell. However, you can see the live organism moving without the stain.

62
Q

What is a flagellum made of?

A

A protein called flagellin.

63
Q

What are the three parts of a flagellum?

A

Filament, hook, and turning discs.

64
Q

What is needed to turn the disk, which turns the flagella?

A

ATP

65
Q

What is the process of an organism sensing chemicals in the environment and moving towards or away from them?

A

Chemotaxis

66
Q

What protein antigen do bacteria flagella contain?

A

H-antigen (Flagellar Antigen)

67
Q

In the strain of E. coli called O157.H7, what does the “O” mean, and what does the “H7” mean?

A

The letter “O” followed by a number indicates the type of cell wall Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the H-7 indicates the type of flagellar antigen.

68
Q

What is the term for many flagella around the perimeter of cells?

A

Peritricous

69
Q

What is the term for a group of flagella at one end of the cell?

A

Lophotrichous

70
Q

What is the term for one flagellum coming out of each end of the cell?

A

Amphitrichous

71
Q

What is the term for a cell with only one flagellum that comes out of one end of the cell?

A

Monotrichous

72
Q

What are the three types of motility allowed by flagella?

A

Run – move in straight line
Tumble – roll around themselves
Run and Tumble – doing both movements alternately

73
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

Special flagella (endoflagella) found only in spirochetes.

74
Q

What do the axial filaments allow the spirochete to do?

A

Move in a rotational motion like a corkscrew.

75
Q

What does this motion allow?

A

Allows the spirochete to penetrate tissue.

76
Q

What is an example of a spirochete?

A

The bacterium that causes syphilis.

77
Q

What is the function of a sex pilus?

A

It helps cells connect to each other during conjugation so they can transfer DNA from one cell to another (sexual reproduction).

78
Q

What are fimbrae?

A

Hair like structures made of protein, found in bacteria. In Eukaryotes, they are called cilia.

79
Q

What is the function of fimbrae?

A

Allows bacteria to attach to host.

80
Q

What is an example of a bacterium with fimbrae?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea)

81
Q

What are the three types of bacterial antigens and where on a bacterium are they found?

A

O Antigen: LPS of gram-negative
H Antigen: Flagella
K Antigen: Capsule

82
Q

What is a CYTOPLASM?

A

The watery substance inside of the plasma membrane.

83
Q

What consist of the cytoplasm’s watery substance?

A

It is made up of 80% water and contains proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and lipids.

84
Q

What is a NUCLEIOD?

A

A nuclear area (prokaryotes without nucleus).

Only has one chromosome and DNA is circular instead of linear.

85
Q

What are HISTONES and which cells have it/do not have it?

A

Histones are structures Eukaryotes use to organize their DNA by wrapping around it. Prokaryotes do not have histones.

86
Q

What are PLASMIDS?

A

Small pieces of DNA fragments which are separate from the chromosome. They may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, production of toxins, etc. Can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

87
Q

How do plasmids benefit humans?

A

Plasmid DNA is used for gene manipulation and biotechnology.

88
Q

What are 3 characteristics of RIBOSOMES?

A

They are “protein factories”.
10,000 ribosomes can fit in a cytoplasm.
They give the cytoplasm a granular appearance.

89
Q

Name 4 antibiotics that work by inhibiting the protein synthesis of ribosomes.

A

Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol

90
Q

What two subunits are ribosomes made up of?

A

They are made of two subunits:

30S and 50S

91
Q

The two subunits of ribosomes are called what when put together?

A

Together, they are called a 70S ribosome unit (the numbers are NOT added to get this figure).

92
Q

Which antibiotics attack the 30S unit?

A

Streptomycin and Gentamycin

93
Q

Which antibiotics attack the 50S unit?

A

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

94
Q

Describe inclusions.

A

Inclusions are reserve deposits of nutrients within the cytoplasm. These nutrients can be in the form of phosphate, glycogen, starch, and lipids.

95
Q

What are Endospores?

A

Specialized resting cells formed by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.

96
Q

What is an example of a pathological organism that produces endospores?

A

Clostrtidium, which causes diseases such as gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and food poisoning.

97
Q

What organisms make endospores?

A

Only bacteria make endospores.

98
Q

What are characteristics of Endospores?

A

They are highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls.

99
Q

What is the function of endospores?

A

They can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation.

100
Q

What effect does boiling water have on endospores?

A

Endospores can survive in boiling water for several hours or more.

101
Q

How can we tell if an unknown organism is an endospore producer?

A

Endospores require a special endospore stain to be visualized.

102
Q

What is the process by which endospores are formed?

A

Sporulation

103
Q

Is sporulation the same as reproduction?

A

Only one cell comes from one endospore, therefore sporulation is not reproduction.

104
Q

Describe the process of sporulation.

A

The cytoplasm of the vegetative cell dries up, the cell wall ruptures, and the endospore is released into the environment.

105
Q

What is germination?

A

The endospore returns to its vegetative state.

106
Q

What triggers germination?

A

This is triggered by a change in the environment.

107
Q

How does germination occur?

A

Water enters into the endospore, and metabolism resumes.

Micro Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

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