Taste and gustatory pathway

Question 1

•Taste and smell send information to phylogenetically old areas of the brain associated with ____ and _____.

Answer 1

•Taste and smell send information to phylogenetically old areas of the brain associated with memory and emotion.

Question 2

•Sustained stimulation leads to adaptation

–_____ receptors do NOT adapt or adapt slowly

–______receptors adapt rapidly

Answer 2

•Sustained stimulation leads to adaptation

–Tonic receptors do NOT adapt or adapt slowly

–Phasic receptors adapt rapidly

Question 3

Tonic Receptors

• ____adaptation.
• Continuously transmit signals for duration of stimulus
• Monitoring of _____ that must be continually evaluated

Answer 3

Tonic Receptors

• Slow adaptation.
• Continuously transmit signals for duration of stimulus
• Monitoring of parameters that must be continually evaluated

Question 4

Phasic Receptors

____ adaptation

____ firing if strength of a continuous stimulus remains constant

Allow body to____constant unimportant information

Answer 4

Phasic Receptors

Rapid adaptation

Cease firing if strength of a continuous stimulus remains constant

Allow body to ignore constant unimportant information

Question 5

Umami is the taste of ____

Answer 5

glutamate

Question 6

Salty and sour flavors are associated with aspects of _____

Answer 6

homeostasis

Question 7

Sweet taste is associated with ____

Answer 7

high calorie food

Question 8

Bitter flavor is associated with something that is potentially ____

Answer 8

toxic

Question 9

• The receptors for taste are located in structures called ____ ____
• Taste buds contain group of ____ & _____cells.
• Taste buds are mostly found within the _____ of the tongue.

Answer 9

• The receptors for taste are located in structures called taste buds.
• Taste buds contain group of receptor & support cells.
• Taste buds are mostly found within the papillae of the tongue.

Question 10

there are ____ types of papillae that contain taste buds

Answer 10

3

Question 11

–fungiform papillae (mushrooms)

• most _____ part of tongue (appear as _____ spots)
• contain one to several taste buds each

Answer 11

–fungiform papillae (mushrooms)

• most anterior part of tongue (appear as red spots)
• contain one to several taste buds each

Question 12

foliate papillae

• ____ of tongue, ____ to circumvallate line
• contain _____ taste buds

Answer 12

foliate papillae

• edge of tongue, anterior to circumvallate line
• contain multiple taste buds

Question 13

–circumvallate papillae

•_____of tongue ____ circumvallate line

Answer 13

–circumvallate papillae

•back of tongue on circumvallate line

Question 14

Taste receptors are clustered in organelles, called ___ ____

Answer 14

Taste receptors are clustered in organelles, called taste buds

Question 15

Receptor cells have _____microvilli (absorptive area) where most receptors/channels are located

Answer 15

Receptor cells have apical microvilli (absorptive area) where most receptors/channels are located

Question 16

Each taste bud contains:

_____taste receptor cells arranged like segments of an _____ - contain sites of sensory transduction

Answer 16

Each taste bud contains:

50-150 taste receptor cells arranged like segments of an orange - contain sites of sensory transduction

Question 17

Each taste bud contains:

basal cells - differentiate into new _____ cells. The receptor cells are continually renewed every_____days (requires sensory nerve input)

Answer 17

Each taste bud contains:

basal cells - differentiate into new receptor cells. The receptor cells are continually renewed every 10-14 days (requires sensory nerve input)

Question 18

Each taste bud contains_____cells, ____cells, and ___ cells

Answer 18

basal, sensory, supporting

Question 19

These taste bud areas are innervated by what nerves?

Answer 19

Question 20

Taste stimuli interact with _____channels or receptors on the ____membrane (small ionic stimuli may permeate tight junctions)

Answer 20

Taste stimuli interact with ion channels or receptors on the apical membrane (small ionic stimuli may permeate tight junctions)

Question 21

Taste stimuli interact with ion channels or receptors on the apical membrane (small ionic stimuli may permeate tight junctions)
Typically, this interaction ______the taste cell (directly or via 2nd messengers). Some stimuli release _____ from stores.

Answer 21

Taste stimuli interact with ion channels or receptors on the apical membrane (small ionic stimuli may permeate tight junctions)
Typically, this interaction depolarizes the taste cell (directly or via 2nd messengers). Some stimuli release Ca2+ from stores.

Question 22

In taste transduction:

Receptor potential opens voltage-activated____ & ____channels (depolarization)

Voltage-activated_____ channels open, allowing Ca2+ inside and a net rise in [Ca2+]in.

As in typical chemical synaptic transmission, Ca2+ rise triggers ______ of transmitter containing vesicles.

Answer 22

In taste transduction:

Receptor potential opens voltage-activated Na+ & K+ channels (depolarization)

Voltage-activated Ca2+ channels open, allowing Ca2+ inside and a net rise in [Ca2+]in.

As in typical chemical synaptic transmission, Ca2+ rise triggers exocytosis of transmitter containing vesicles.

Question 23

4 mechanisms of transduction for taste:

1. _____passage of a chemical through an ion channel (Na+, Ca2+, H+, K+).
2. Bind to and _____ ion channels.
3. Bind to and _____ ion channels.
4. Bind to a membrane receptor and activates _____ messenger systems that in turn open or close____ channels (membrane receptors and G-proteins).

Answer 23

4 mechanisms of transduction for taste:

1. Direct passage of a chemical through an ion channel (Na+, Ca2+, H+, K+).
2. Bind to and blocking ion channels.
3. Bind to and opening ion channels.
4. Bind to a membrane receptor and activates secondary messenger systems that in turn open or close ion channels (membrane receptors and G-proteins).

Question 24

increased intracellular Ca2+ triggers ______release

Answer 24

increased intracellular Ca2+ triggers transmitter release