Basal Ganglia

Question 1

The term ‘basal ganglia’ refers to the large, strongly interconnected _____ masses deep within the _____ ______, ________, and _____ that are instrumental in the _______ of _______ movements and the ______ of the _______ associated with ______ movements

Answer 1

The term ‘basal ganglia’ refers to the large, strongly interconnected nuclear masses deep within the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain that are instrumental in the initiation of voluntary movements and the control of the postural adjustments associated with voluntary movements.”

Question 2

Patients with lesions in the basal ganglia have difficulty with _____ of movement (too slow or too fast), ____ or ____ movement, or they experience ____ movements.

Answer 2

Patients with lesions in the basal ganglia have difficulty with speed of movement (too slow or too fast), starting or stopping movement, or they experience unwanted movements.

Question 3

The function of the cerebellum involves muscle ______ during ____ movements

Answer 3

coordination, voluntary

Question 4

abnormal movement is known as _______?

Answer 4

dyskinesia

Question 5

excessive and/or uncontrolled movements; involuntary movements (example: Huntington’s disease) is known as _____?

Answer 5

hyperkinesia

Question 6

“paucity of movement;” difficulty starting movements, rigidity, slowness (example: Parkinson’s disease) is also known as ____?

Answer 6

hypokinesia

Question 7

Aka a “resting tremor”

Answer 7

involuntary movement

Question 8

The cerebrum is composed of what two parts?

Answer 8

Telencephalon + Diencephalon

Question 9

Cerebral hemisphere is composed of what parts?

Answer 9

Telencephalon + Lateral Ventricles

Question 10

The telencephalon is composed of what three parts?

Answer 10

Cerebral cortex + White Matter + Basal Nuclei

Question 11

basal ganglia system includes nuclei from _____, ____, and _____

Answer 11

basal ganglia system includes nuclei from telencephalon, diencephalon, and midbrain

Question 12

What are the three deep cerebral nuclei?

Answer 12

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus,

Question 13

the deep cerebral nuclei are derived from what?

Answer 13

telencephalon

Question 14

Besides the cerebral nuclei, what are two additional parts of the basal ganglia system?

Answer 14

substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

Question 15

the substantia nigra is derived from the _____.

Answer 15

midbrain

Question 16

the subthalamic nucleus is derived from the _____.

Answer 16

midbrain

Question 17

The lenticular nucleus is composed of what deep cerebral nuclei?

Answer 17

globus pallidus and putamen

Question 18

the striatum is composed of what two deep cerebral nuclei?

Answer 18

caudate and putamen

Question 19

Know the anatomy of the basal ganglia

Question 20

Is the amygdala part of the basal ganglia?

Answer 20

No! It is the reward center of the brain

Question 21

What lobe is the putamen positioned closest to?

Answer 21

temporal lobe

Question 22

globus pallidus lies ___ to the putamen

Answer 22

medial

Question 23

______ lies between the putamen and the thalamus

Answer 23

internal capsule

Question 24

_____ lies deep to the internal capsule

Answer 24

thalamus

Question 25

What lies on the rostral most terminus of ventral horn of lateral ventricle?

Answer 25

amygdala

Question 26

the _____ is closely associated with the _____, which is important for memory

Answer 26

the amygdala is closely associated with the hippocampus, which is important for memory

Question 27

the caudate head is located on the ____ wall of the ____ horn of the ____ ventricle.

Answer 27

the caudate head is located on the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Question 28

The tail of the caudate is found immediately ____ to the ___ horn of the ___ ventricle.

Answer 28

The tail of the caudate is found immediately rostral to the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Question 29

What are the three main sources of input from the basal ganglia to the striatum?

Answer 29

cerebral cortex, substantia pars compacta, and thalamus

Question 30

Inputs from cerebral cortex and substantia nigra are most important for what kind of pathways?

Answer 30

motor pathways

Question 31

the inputs from the basal ganglia to the striatum are all ___

Answer 31

excitatory

Question 32

immediately deep to the subthalamic nucleus is the ___ ____

Answer 32

substantia nigra

Question 33

Basal ganglia outputs of the striatum arise from ____ _____ ____ and ____ _____ _____ ______.

Answer 33

Basal ganglia outputs of the striatum arise from globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 34

direct pathway: net effect = ???

Answer 34

excitatory

Question 35

indirect pathway: net effect= ???

Answer 35

inhibition

Question 36

double inhibition results in ____

Answer 36

disinhibition

Question 37

What happens when an inhibitor inhibits the inhibitor?

Answer 37

disinhibition

Question 38

Excitatory inputs use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 38

glutamate

Question 39

inhibitory inputs use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 39

GABA

Question 40

net effect of disinhibition: ____ fires and ____neuron takes off and goes to the ____ ____.

Answer 40

net effect of disinhibition: thalamus fires and excitatory neuron takes off and goes to the cerebral cortex

Question 41

does disinhibition occur in one or both pathways?

Answer 41

both

Question 42

For a DIRECT pathway, the net effect of disinhibition=_____ activity by _____ excitation of _____ ____

Answer 42

For a direct pathway, the net effect of disinhibition=INCREASED activity by increased excitation of cerebral cortex

Question 43

In Direct pathway, Dopamine from SNc further ____ (via______)

Answer 43

In direct pathway, dopamine from SNc further excites (via D1 receptors)

Question 44

In the INDIRECT pathway, disinhibition allows subthalamic nucleus to turn on the____ switch to thalamus

Answer 44

In the INDIRECT pathwat, disinhibition allows subthalamic nucleus to turn on the OFF switch to thalamus

Question 45

In INDIRECT pathway, Dopamine from SNc ____ pathway (b/c ____)

Answer 45

In INDIRECT pathway, Dopamine from SNc slows pathway (b/c D2 receptors)

Question 46

Example of HYPOkinesia

Answer 46

Parkinson’s disease

Question 47

Example of HYPERkineasia

Answer 47

Huntington’s chorea

Question 48

Example of dyskinesia

Answer 48

Hemiballismus

Question 49

Patient manifestations in Parkinson’s:

______ (“paucity of movement”), _____ rigidity, resting (“____-____”) tremor, _____gait, depression, etc.

Answer 49

Patient manifestations in Parkinson’s:

Bradykinesia (“paucity of movement”), cogwheel rigidity, resting (“pill-rolling”) tremor, shuffling gait, depression, etc.

Question 50

Parkinson’s neuroanatomy:

Loss of pigmented ______ neurons from substantia nigra ____ _____

Answer 50

Parkinson’s neuroanatomy:

Loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 51

Where is the Parkinson’s defect located?

Answer 51

substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 52

Is parkinson’s a lesion of the direct or indirect pathway?

Answer 52

direct

Question 53

Patient manifestations of Huntington’s (onset around ___ yrs):

____, _____, _____changes, dementia

Answer 53

Patient manifestations of Huntington’s (onset around 40 yrs):

Chorea, athetosis, personality changes, dementia

Question 54

Neuroanatomy of Huntington’s:

Degeneration of ______ neurons in ____ leading to ____in ____of caudate nucleus and ____ of ventricles

Answer 54

Neuroanatomy of Huntington’s:

Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in striatum leading to atrophy in head of caudate nucleus and dilation of ventricles

Question 55

The cause of Huntingon’s is an____ ____disorder, ____trinucleotide repeat

Answer 55

The cause of Huntingon’s is an autosomal dominant disorder, CAG trinucleotide repeat

Question 56

Huntington disease affects the _____, specifically the ___ ____. It affects the _____ pathway.

Answer 56

Huntington disease affects the striatum, specifically the caudate nucleus. It affects the indirect pathway.

Question 57

Hemiballismus:

• Patient manifestations: spontaneous, uncontrolled _____ movements of the ____
• Neuroanatomy: ____destruction of the _____subthalamic nucleus
• Causes: Chronic _____???

Answer 57

Hemiballismus:

• Patient manifestations: spontaneous, uncontrolled flinging movements of the limbs
• Neuroanatomy: Hemorrhagic destruction of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus
• Causes: Chronic hypertension???