TASK 9 - MILITARY AND POLICE FORCE

Question 1

1. 2 distinctions within security. where?

Answer 1

1. maintenance of security in domestic sphere
2. maintenance of security in international sphere

Question 2

1.1 maintenance of security in domestic sphere

Answer 2

• state’s capacity to mantain order within its borders
• instruments include: coercive state, police, military
• deals with relationship btw state and non-state actors
• sovereign power of state
  stands above all associations and groups
  possess a monopoly of the means ‘legitimate violence’

Question 3

1.2 maintenance of security in international sphere

Answer 3

• state’s capacity to provide protection against threats from beyond its own borders
• instruments: armed forces, resistance of military attacks
• deals w relationship of state w other states
• problematic!
  international politics conducted in environment being ANARCHICAL
  lacks enforceable rules or pre-eminent power

Question 4

2. DOMESTIC SECURITY. police and politics: main purpose and diffs with military

Answer 4

-> main: maintain domestic order
- disciplined
- uniformed
- armed bodies

-> diffs
- has routine everyday
- closely integrated in society
- use non-military tactics: rely on consent and legitimacy (often unarmed, only self-defense)

Question 5

3. APPROACHES TO POLICING (3)

Answer 5

1. liberal perspective
2. conservative perspective
3. radical perspective

Question 6

3.1 liberal perspective

Answer 6

• essentially neutral body
• function: maintain domestic order through protection of ind rights and liberties
• operate w consensus
• high measure of legitimacy
• promotes social stability
• personal security
• no political function
• uphold the rule of law
• protect citizens from each other

Question 7

3.2 conservative perspective

Answer 7

• role: preserve authority of the state
• ensure that jurisdiction extends through community
• rooted in pessimistic view of hum nature
• seen as mechanisms of pol control

Question 8

3.3 radical perspective

Answer 8

• critical view
• core: tools of oppression acting in the interest of the state not the people
• serve elites not masses
• marxist version: seen as defenders of property and upholders of capitalist class interests

Question 9

4. ROLE OF THE POLICE (4 types)

Answer 9

1. civil policing
2. community policing
3. firebrigade policing
4. zero-tolerance policing

Question 10

4.1 civil policing

Answer 10

• aspect of work with which we are most familiarized
• fight crime
• international character
• homogeneous communities: significant level of self-policing

Question 11

4.2 community policing

Answer 11

ex: japan
- expected to know and visit various families that fall within that area of jurisdiction
- success depends on police being respected in the local community

Question 12

4.3 fire brigade policing

Answer 12

• emph capacity of police to react to breaches of law
• adoption of harder policing tactics
• technology and arms

Question 13

4.4 zero-tolerance policing

Answer 13

• relies on strict enforcement in relation to minor offences
• to significantly reduce crime
• unrestrained petty crime impression of ‘no one is in control’

Question 14

5. HOW IS THE POLICE POLITICAL. (2)

Answer 14

1. may be carried out in accordance w pol biases or social prejudices
   - favoring certain groups
   - traditional for radicals and socialists
   - tends to breed a culture being authoritarian and pol conservative
2. may exert beyong civil matters and impact on pol disputes

LEVEL HAS INCREASED AS SOCIETIES HAVE BECOME MORE COMPLEX AND FRAGMENTED
- some argue that all crime is ‘political’
- neutrality compromised (demonstrations, civil unrests..)
- threat of terrorism

Question 15

6. POLICE STATES

Answer 15

-> police operates outside framework + accountable to neither the courts nor the general public

• extrajudicial
• totalitarian features
• excessive and unregualted power
• designed to curtail civil liberty
• all aspects of social existence fall under police control
• acts as priv army controled by ruling elite

Question 16

7. THE MILITARY AND DOMESTIC POLITICS. 4 characteristics

Answer 16

1. instrument of war
   - virtual monopoly of weaponry
   - substantial coercive power
   - loyalty essential
2. organized/ disciplined bodies
   - hierarchy of ranks
   - strict obedience
3. distinctive culture and set of values
   - prepared to kill, fight and die
   - often seen as deeply authoritarian
   - tradition
4. seen as ‘above politics’
   - guarantee security and integrity of the state
   - repository of the national interest

Question 17

8. HOW CAN THE MILITARY BE POLITICAL?

Answer 17

1. guarantee of domestic order
   - blurred line btw ‘public’ instrument and ‘political weaponry’
   - states with acute civilian unrest beyond police’s capacity
   - military becomes the only prop of regime to safeguard it from popular rebellion or revolution
   -> constitutionalism and consent is abandoned
2. alternative to civilian rule
   - establishment of military rule
   - prop up unpopular gov/regime
   - remove/replace governing elite
   - completely topple the regime

can displace civilian politicians
- > highlights chronic weakness, intractable divisions and endemic corruption of civilian gov

MONOPOLY OF CHIEF INSTRUMENTS OF LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEMS

Question 18

9. STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY

Answer 18

• hierarchical
• centralized
• place a premium on rapid communications

Question 19

10. VALUES

Answer 19

• fundamental importance
• bureaucratic obedience
  to rank, not to person holding it
  unthinking cooperation
• stand above sectional, vested-interest conflicts in politics
  embodiment of national-interest
  authoritarian, disciplined conception
• dominated by one ethnic group (might be the centre of conflict in society)

Question 20

11. LIVING CONDITIONS

Answer 20

• seprate barracks (separation from civilians)
• distinctive uniforms
• indoctrination of recruits
  history and tradition

Question 21

12. article: link to politics

Answer 21

• may be used to protect the armed forces from civilian mismanagement (foreign aggression)
• military pressure may result from junior officers being dissatisfied with promotion prospects
• belief that it is the only body aware of what constitutes the true national interest
  only body capable of implementing policies to protect that interest

Question 22

12.1 what do pol attitudes depend on?

Answer 22

1. nature and degree of professionalism
   - prestige in society
   - pride and separateness
   - social backgrounds (elite or lower class)
   - degree of specialization
   - pol experience and influence
2. nature of political system
   - direct military intervention less likely in:
   industrialized lib democracies
   socialist systems controlled by 1 party
   - direct military more likely in:
   civilian gov lacking prestige
   govs w serious weaknesses (lack the basis of legitimacy that govs have)