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Introduction to Political Science > Task 2 - POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES > Flashcards

Task 2 - POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is an ideology?
A

Set of ideas that form the baseground and organize political action

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2
Q
  1. Meta-ideologies
A

Ideas overlap and form bigger ideas rather than being multiple single ones

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3
Q
  1. Classical Ideological Traditions. Name the 3
A
  1. Liberalism
  2. Conservatism
  3. Socialism
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4
Q
  1. Why have they mantained their relevance?
A

Ability to reinvent themselves

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5
Q

2.1 LIBERALISM: Name 2 core principles

A
  1. Individualism
  2. Liberty
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6
Q

2.1 Individualism

A
  • Individual in the centre
  • Construction of a society in which individual can develop the best evrsion of themselves
  • Equality of opportunity: All individuals as equals
  • Morally neutral: Every individual can make their own moral decision
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7
Q

2.1 Liberty

A
  • Top priority
  • Arises from desire and right to behave the way they please
  • Everyone should enjoy liberty to the extent that does not harm others
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8
Q

2.1 How did liberalism evolve? What were the main characteristics during each period?

A

First purely economic (classical and industrial)
- Condemns all forms of state intervention
- Linked with the invisible hand

From 19th century onwards : Social capitalism
- Favored welfare reforms and economic intervention more

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9
Q

2.1 Modern liberalism. Characteristics

A
  • More sympathetic towards state intervention
  • Big government
  • Recognition that industrial cap generated forms of injustice
  • Keynes insight
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10
Q

2.1 Neoliberalism. Characteristics

A
  • Centre pillars: Market and individual
  • Goal: No state intervention
  • Unregulated market capitalism
  • ‘nanny state’: Culture of dependence undermines freedom
  • Individual responsibility
  • Entrepreneuralism
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11
Q

2.2 Conservatism. Central themes

A
  1. Tradition
  2. Pragmatism
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12
Q

2.2 Tradition

A
  • Respect for established virtues
  • Trust in old institutions
  • Reflects accumulated wisdom of past
  • Sense of historical belonging
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13
Q

2.2 Pragmatism

A
  • Abstract principles mistrusted
  • Reliance of experience, history
  • No ideology -> “attitude of mind”
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14
Q

2.2 CONSERVATISM. Characteristics

A
  • Human imperfection (pessimism)
    Corrupt
    Roots for crime -> Strong state, strict laws and penalties
  • Organicism
    Society = living entity
    Community as more than individuals
    Shared values and common culture
  • Hierarchy
    Essential and not root for conflict (Society bound my mutual obligations and duties)
  • Authority
    Comes from above
    Ensures cohesion
  • Property
    Sense of what is theirs
    Ability to reflect themselves from outside
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15
Q

2.2 Paternalistic conservatism

A
  • Consistent with: Organicism, hierarchy and duty
  • Blend of market competition and gov regulation (pragmatic approach to econ policy
  • One nation
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16
Q

2.2 The New Right

A

-> departure in conservative thought amounting to a counter-revolution against state intervention and the spread of liberal/progressive social values

  • traced to keynes failure
17
Q

2.2 Neoconservatism

A
  • Restore authority
    Guarantees social stability and generate discipline and respect
  • Traditional values: Family, region and nation
  • Generation of cohesion and civilization
  • Enemy: Permissiveness
  • Scepticism of multiculturalism
    Inherently conflict-ridden
18
Q

2.3 SOCIALISM. Name 2 Core principles and main goal

A
  1. Community
  2. Equality (as a value)
    - Goal: Eradication/reduction of of econ and social inequalities
19
Q

2.3 Community

A
  • Humans linked by existence of a common humanity
  • Individual identity coined by being part of groups
  • Brotherhood:Cooperation and collectivism
20
Q

2.3 Equality

A
  • As opposed to equality of opportunity
  • Essential guarantee of cohesion and social stability
  • Material benefits distributed on basis of NEED (satisfaction of basic needs)
21
Q

2.3. Evolution of socialism (3 periods)

A
  1. Origins
    - As reaction against industrial capitalism
    - Linked to working class
    - Goal: Abolish capitalist economy, replace it w socialist society
  2. From late 19th c
    - Reformist socialist tradiiton
    - Gradual integration of working classes into capitalist society
    Improvement of wages and conditions
  3. During much of 20th c
    - 2 rival camps:
    Revolutionary socialists: Communists
    Reformist socialists: Embraced social democracy, fundamentalist principles (common ownership, central planning, redistribution
22
Q

2.3.1 Social democracy

A
  • Balance btw market and state, individual and community
  • Compromise (acceptance of capitalism)
  • Concern for the underdog
  • Welfarism, redistribution and social injustice (humanize capitalism through state intervention)
23
Q

2.3.2 Marxism

A
24
Q

2.3.3 Other ideological traditions

A

Anarchism
Fascism
Feminism
Green ideology
Cosmopolitanism
Populism

25
Q

2.3.3 Anarchism

A
  • law and gov are not indispensable
  • Anti-capitalist, anti-globalization
  • Belief: Political authority is evil and unnecessary
  • Free individuals should manage own affairs
  • Voluntary cooperation and agreement
  • Free-market on steroids
26
Q

2.3.3 Fascism

A
  • Revolt against: Rationalism, progress, freedom, equality
  • Struggle, leadership, power, heroism, war
  • Anticharacter: Defined by what it opposes
  • Unified national community
  • New man: Hero motivated by duty, honour and self-sacrifice
27
Q

2.3.3 Feminism. 1st Wave

A
  1. First-wave feminism
    - Liberalist feminist:
    Female subordination
    Reformist -> Concerned with reform of public sphere
    - Socialist feminism:
    Highlight link btw subordination and capitalist mode of production
    Female: Confined to family or domestic life
28
Q

2.3.3 Feminism. Second wave

A
  • Radical feminism:
    Gender division are most fundamental and politically significant cleavages in society
    Patriarchy
    Need for revolution (reconstruct personal, domestic nad family life)
    Men as ‘enemy’
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Introduction to Political Science (11 decks)

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