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Introduction to Political Science > Task 4 - POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION > Flashcards

Task 4 - POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION. Definition
A

process through which individuals acquire political beliefs and values, and by which these are transmitted from one gen to the next

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2
Q
  1. political socialization. name the 2 agents
A
  1. primary agents
    - family and school
  2. secondary agents
    - workplace, peer groups and media

MEDIA GAINING POWER! (media corps are major glob players)

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3
Q

2.1 influencing factors: Society

A
  • characterized by regualr patterns of social interaction
    -> social structure
  • sense of connectedness: mutual awareness + cooperation
  • industrialization -> powerful factor in shaping structure and character of modern societies (urbanization)
    economicalli based class divisions!
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4
Q

2.1 influencing factors: society. How does it influence?

A
  • distribution of wealth and resources conditions the state of power
  • social divisions + conflicts help bring pol change (legitimation crises)
  • influences public opinion and pol culture
  • social structure shapes pol behavior: who votes, how do they vote, who joins parties…
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5
Q

2.1 influencing factors: society and significance of class. why in its decline?

A
  • post-industrial societies: society based on service industries
  • process of industrialization (decline of labor-intensive heavy industries)
  • fostering of more individualistic and instrumentalist attitudes
  • growing atomism: tendency for society to be made up of collection of self-interested indiv
  • information society

PRODUCED MORE PLURALIZED CLASS FORMATIONS

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6
Q

2.1 influencing factors: individualism. drawbacks

A
  • thinning of social connectedness
  • econ individualism: belief that indiv are entitled to autonomy in econ matters
  • incresed anomie: weakening values linked with isolation and loneliness
    Why?

DECREASE OF SOCIAL DUTIES AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY + GROWTH OF EGOISM

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7
Q

2.1 influencing factors: individualism. advantages

A

–> according to liberals
- mark of social progress
- expansion of choice and opportunity
- widened sphere of personal freedom
- decisions on self-definition
- spread of social reflexivity: tendency of indiv to reflect, on the conditions of their actions

MORE SELF-AWARENESS

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8
Q
  1. RISE OF IDENTITY POLITICS. definition
A

–> a style of politics that seek to counter group marginalization by embracing positive and assertive sense of collective identity

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9
Q
  1. rise of identity pol. characteristics
A
  • seeks to challenge oppression
  • reshapes group’s identity through process of pol-cultural self-assertion
  • group marg operates through stereotypes and values developed my dominant groups
    -> structure their image
  • subordination can be challenged by reshaping identity
    -> sense of pride and sel-respect
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10
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: cultural diversity. name the 3 types
A

cultural diversity:
1. liberal multiculturalism

  1. pluralist multiculturalism
  2. cosmopolitan multiculturalism
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11
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: culture diversity (liberal multic)
A
  1. liberal multiculturalism
    - committment to freedom and toleration
    - ability to choose own moral beliefs and way of life
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12
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: culture diversity (pluralistmultic)
A
  1. pluralist multiculturalism
    - cultural diversity
    - based on value pluralism
    - no single conception of right and wrong
    - equally legitimate conceptions
    - focuses on unequal power relations
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13
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: culture diversity (cosmopolitcan multic)
A
  1. cosmopolitan multiculturalism
    - endorses cul diversity and identity pol
    - diversity as positive on the grounds of what each culture can learn from each other
    - acceptance of multiple identities
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14
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: religion
A

religion
- secularism: belief that religion should not intrude into secular affairs
- seen as potent means of regenerating personal identity
- secularization -> importance of private/public divide
- secularization thesis: theory that modernization is accompanied by the victory of reason over religion
- moral relativism: condition in which there is a deep and widespread disagreement of moral issues

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15
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: gender and identity
A

gender and identity
- feminism: equal rights and social equality

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16
Q
  1. identity pol. manifestations: race and ethinicity
A

race and ethnicity
- consciousness raising
- strategies to remodel social identity
- emphasis on pride, self-worth

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17
Q
  1. POLITICAL CULTURE. what?
A

pattern of orientations to pol objects such as parties, gov, and the constitution, expressed in beliefs, symbols and values

18
Q
  1. political culture. name the three types
A
  1. participant pol culture
  2. subject pol culture
  3. parochial pol culture
19
Q

4.1 participant pol culture. definition

A

where citizens pay close attention to politics
regard pop participation as desirable + effective

20
Q

4.2 subject pol culture. definition

A

characterized by passivity among citizens
recognition that they only have limited influence on gov

21
Q

4.3 parochial pol culture

A

marked by absence of sense of citizenship
identification with locality, not nation
no desire nor ability to participate in politixs

22
Q
  1. APPROACHES TO POL CULTURE. Name the 4
A
  1. civic- culture approach
  2. marxist approach
  3. bourgeois approach
  4. conservative approach
23
Q

5.1 civic-culture approach. + drawback

A

civic culture: set of specific attitudes crucial to success of modern democracies

  • participation of individual with community
  • set of beliefs and values vital to make democracy work
  • blend of
    participant
    subject
    parochial

drawback:
- if system is good/bad it should not be measured by participation
- pol culture treated as homogeneous -> little attention to pol subcultures

24
Q

5.2 marxist approach

A

-> ideas, culture part of ‘sueprstructure’ conditioned by econ base

  1. culture is class-specific:
    - members of a class are more likely to share values and beliefs

NOT THE CONSCIOUSNESS BUT THE EXISTENCE THAT DETERMINES CONSCIOUSNESS

  1. emphasis on degree to which ideas of ruling class prevade society
    - gramsci’s hegemony: spiritual/cultural supremacy of ruling class
    - culture, values and beliefs as form of power
25
Q

5.2 marxist approach. name the 2 types of culture as ideological power

A
  1. subjective/felt interest
  2. objective/real interest: what they would want if they could make indpendent and informed choices

ACCEPTANCE OF CAPITALIST VALUES BASED ON SUBJECTIVE INTERESTS

26
Q

5.3 burgeois ideology

A
  • ideas of ‘ruling class’ become ideas
  • pol culture is thus burgeois ideology
  • culture, values and beliefs as form of power
  • function of ideoogy is to reconcile working class with their exploitation through falsehoods
  • > false consciousness
  • repressive tolerance, successful bc it operates behind illusion of free speech
  • needs to be challenged by proletarian values and ideas
27
Q

5.4 conservative approach

A
  • pol culture-> traditional values and tradition
  • brings social cohesion and pol stability
  • neoconservatism

drawbacks:
- assumes there is authoritative moral system upon which order and stability can be based
- to define values as ‘traditional’: attempt to impose a particular moral system on the rest

28
Q
  1. POL CULTURE IN CRISIS. declining social capital
A
  • spread of urbanization = longer journeys to work
  • rise of 2-career families
  • impact on quantity and quality of parenting
  • tendency of tv as leisure time: misshapes social perceptions

EXPLAINS THE TRIUMPH OF CAPITALISM AND INDIVIDUALISM

29
Q
  1. ROLE OF MEDIA. in politics
A
  • primary agents (family and social class declines)
    -> widenes the scope for media’s influence as principal means of acquiring info
  • develop of mass tv audience has increased the media’s penetration of ppl’s everyday lives
30
Q
  1. role of media. theories of the media. name the 4
A
  1. pluralist model
  2. dominant ideology model
  3. elite-values model
  4. market model
31
Q

7.1 pluralist model. theories of media

A
  • highlights diversity and multiplicity
  • portays media as ideological marketplace
    -> big range of pol ideologies debating
  • positive terms
  • enhance quality of democracy
  • guarantees that gov powers are checked
  • strengthenes pluralism and pol comp
32
Q

7.2 theories of media: dominant ideology model

A
  • media as pol conservative force aligned w interests of elites
  • serves to promote compliance and passitivity
  • mantain capitalist hegemony
  • acts in interests of major corps and moguls
  • ownership held by small number of conglomerates
  • key role in promoting glob
  • western consumerism
33
Q

7.3 elite-values model

A
  • shifts attention away from ownership of media corps to mechanism through which media output is controlled
  • editors, journalists and broadcasters enjoy prof independence
  • media moguls cannot control day-to-day editorial decision-making
  • media’s pol bias: reflects values of groups that are disproportionally represented
34
Q

7.4 market model

A
  • differs by holding that newspapers and tv reflect the views of the general public
  • private media are businesses concerned with profit maximization
  • give ‘people what they want’ and cannot afford to alienate potential viewers with smth they might disagree with

neoliberal mindset

35
Q
  1. IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA. enhancing or threatening democracy?
A

enhancing:
- free press key for dem
- fosters dem bc:
fosters public debate and pol engagement
acts as public debate watchdog checking abuses of power
- as civic forum for pol debate
- pol education
- can only b effective if not controlled by gov
- accountable to indep commission

threatening:
- pol biases
- not always objective
- compatible w interests of dominant groups of society
- not subject to public scrutiny
- independence from gov doubtful

36
Q
  1. E-DEMOCRACY. definition
A

use of computer-based technologies to deepen and enhance citizens’ engament in dem processes

37
Q
  1. e-democracy. characteristics
A
  • online voting
  • online petitions to govs
  • accessing pol info via webs, blogs…
  • use of social networking sites to engage in pol argument and debate
  • use of social media to organize pop protests and demonstrations
  • empowerment of non-state actors at expense of govs and elites
  • impact on journalism (+ user-generated content)
  • new politics
38
Q
  1. RELATIONSHIP BTW MEDIA, DEMOCRACY AND GOVERMENT
A

media’s effect on democracy:
- undermining democracy?
forces fast responses from politicians
has possibility of policy-making
think it displays what majority want -> false

media wants profit maximization -> ppl want identity
IDENTITY POLITICS + PRESIDENTIALIZATION
move away from politics

39
Q
  1. WAYS TO REVIVE CIVIC CULTURE
A
  • make representation better
  • make voting compulsory lowering voting age
  • social representatives
    elected politicians
    representation of minorities
  • mantaining ethical stands
  • transparency in gov
  • comp election
  • more proportional system -> parties encouraged to campaign
40
Q
A

Introduction to Political Science (11 decks)

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