Task 8 - M&M Flashcards
What does levels of automation mean?
i. Degree to which a task is automated
ii. range from complete human control to complete computer control
What does human error refer to?
refers to something having been done that was “not intended by the actor”
-not desired by a set of rules or an external observer or that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits
What has human error been cited as?
What is prevention of human error seen as?
- as a primary cause contributing factor in disasters and accidents in industries as diverse as nuclear power, aviation, space exploration, and medicine
- prevention of human error is generally seen as a major contributor to reliability and safety of (complex) systems
Which types of human errors are there?
- Slips: failures to execute
- Mistakes: failures to select a good plan initially
What are ergonomic studies? What is neuroergonomics?
- Traditional ergonomic studies rely predominantly on psychological explanations to address human factors issues such as: work performance, operational safety, and workplace-related risks (e.g., repetitive stress injuries)
- application of neuroscience to ergonomics
- biological substrates of ergonomic concerns, with an emphasis on the role of the human nervous system
What is automation?
device or system that accomplishes (partially or fully) a function that was previously, or conceivably could be, carried out (partially or fully) by a human operator
What are the 10 different levels of automation (Parasuraman et al.)?
- Computer offers no assistance (Humans: decisions and actions)
- Computer offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives
- C narrows alternatives down to a few
- suggests 1 alternative
- executes suggestion if human approves
- allows human restriced time to veto before automatic execution
- executes automatically, then necessarily informs human
- informs human only if asked
- informs human only if C decides to
- C decides everything, acts autonomously; ignores humans
To which 4 classes of functions can automation be applied according to the 4 stage model of human information processing?
- Information acquisition
- Information analysis
- Decision and action selection
- Action implementation
What are the 3 sources of vulnerability of automation that pose a threat to safety? (primary criteria)
- Situation awareness:
- may reduce the operator’s awareness of the system and of certain dynamic features of the work-environment
- human operator may not be able to sustain a good “picture” of the information sources in the environment because he or she is not actively engaged in evaluating the information sources leading to a decision - Complacency (=Selbstzufriedenheit)
- if automation is highly but not perfectly reliable in executing decision choices, then the operator may not monitor the automation and its information Sources -> fail to detect the occasional times when the automation fail
- kind of over trust in the system - Skill degradation
- human operator will not be as skilled at performing a function anymore done by AI
- forgetting and skill decay will occur with disuse in humans
Which factors affect trust in human-robot interaction (Hancock et al.)?
- robot characteristics, and in particular, performance-based factors, are the largest current influence on perceived trust in HRI
- type, size, proximity, and behavior of the robot also affect trust
- environmental factors: moderately influential on trust development
- -> less research on human-based factors
What is ‘adaptive automation’?
- context- dependent automation
- flexible
Neuroergonomics: What is error-related negativity?
- error response within ms after error
- produced by ACC
- size of it reveals to motivation to respond accurately and type of error which has been done
Secondary evaluative criteria
- Automation reliability:
- important: ensuring high reliability -> fault and event tree analysis - Costs of decision/ action outcomes:
Which brain area is involved in human error?
ACC (=anterior cingulate cortex)
- affective and executive processing -> error monitoring and feedback
- produces error-related negativity
