Task 6- M&M Flashcards

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1
Q

What are dynamic systems?

A

system whose changes over time can be characterized by a set of equations that show how current values of variables depend mathematically on previous values of those variables

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2
Q

What is a state space of a system?

A
  • set of states it can be in as determined by the variables that are used to measure it
  • e.g. weather model that keeps track of temperature, humidity, and air pressure at five locations has a total of fifteen variables, so all the different combinations of values of these variables constitute the state space
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3
Q

What does it mean if a dynamic system displays chaos?

A

if it is very sensitive to initial conditions, that is, if very small differences in values of variables of its equations can produce dramatically different outcomes as the system develops

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4
Q

What is the butterfly effect?

A

butterfly effect: a butterfly flapping its wings in China may have a tiny effect on the atmospheric system there that eventually leads to a major weather change elsewhere

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5
Q

What is the ‘dynamic systems challenge’ to cognitive science?

A

consists of the claim that, rather than understanding human thinking in computational representational terms, we should think of the mind as a dynamic system

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6
Q

What are the two responses to the dynamic systems challenge?

A
  1. Defender of CRUM could argue that the dynamic systems approach is very limited in its application to human thinking -> replace it
  2. Expand and supplement CRUM
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7
Q

What are linear dynamic systems?

A

Linear -> two or more equations whose solutions can be combined to obtain another solution; work well in physics but cannot always describe what happens in natural systems

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8
Q

What is non-linearity? What are nonlinear complex dynamic systems?

A

complex dynamic systems need to be described by nonlinear equations such as y = xz, where the value of the variable y depends on interaction of values of x and z

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9
Q

Which kind of behaviour can nonlinear systems show?

A

can have very erratic behaviour e.g. jumping from one point in the state space to another, very different point in a short period of time

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10
Q

What does it mean that nonlinear equations are not additive?

A
  1. Answers often involves pattern of solutions

2. Results feed back in system itself

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11
Q

What usually happens to nonlinear systems over time?

A

Settling down (or convergence) -> results in 1 of 4 typical patterns

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12
Q

What are the typical patterns called which nonlinear systems settle down into?

A

Attractors

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13
Q

What is discontinuity a subcategory of?

A

Subcategory of nonlinear

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14
Q

What characterizes discontinuity?

A

Sudden shifts; sudden or catastrophic jumps in behaviour

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15
Q

What is discontinuity often preceded by?

A

by an increase in variability and destabilization/ loosing of old, previous pattern that can be followed by system reorganization

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16
Q

What is a cusp catastrophe?

  • Which type of system?
  • What does it describe?
A

o One type of a nonlinear dynamic system
o Models of sudden and discontinuous change
o One of seven elementary catastrophe models that are developed

17
Q

Why was the cusp catastrophe model developed for?

A

to describe complex natural and social phenomena

18
Q

Which two kinds of variables does the cusp catastrophe model have?

A

two control variables (asymmetry variable and bifurcation variable)

19
Q

Explain the example of the interaction between physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety.

A
  • cognitive performance better when stressed until a certain threshold is reached
  • if threshold reached -> catastrophic downfall
  • sudden behavioural change exhibited once predictor variables cross cusp threshold
20
Q

What are 5 features of the cusp catastrophe model?

A
  1. Bimodality
  2. Inaccessibility
  3. Divergence -> not settling down
  4. Hysteresis
  5. Abrupt transitions
21
Q

What are attractors?

A
  • Patterns a nonlinear system tend to settle down into

- Relatively stable states

22
Q

Does a system only have one attractor?

A

No, a system may have multiple attractors ( more than one stable state)

23
Q

What is a phase transition?

A

change from one attractor state to another constitutes a phase transition e.g. when the weather moves from being cool and clear to being hot

24
Q

What are the 4 types of attractors?

A

(A) Point Attractor, (B) Cyclical or Oscillating Attractor, (C) Quasi periodic Attractor, (D) Chaotic Attractor

25
Q

What are characteristics of the ‘chaotic attractor’?

A
  • pattern is bounded, but after some repetitions within the system, it becomes very irregular
  • Irregularity -> unpredictable
  • unpredictability associated with “sensitive dependence on initial conditions”
  • general patterns of future behaviour may be predictable but specific behaviors over the long range will not
26
Q

What is self-organization?

A

process by which a structure or pattern emerges in an open system without specifications from the outside environment

27
Q

What is ‘entrainment’?

A
  • change of pattern with new energy
  • another behaviour will disappear
  • ability of one unit
  • temporal coordination of behaviour of 2 units (synchronizing)
28
Q

What are developmental transitions characterized by?

A

Periods of increased variability precede a range of developmental transitions (motor, cognitive and linguistic development; emotional behaviour)

29
Q

How is the process of recovery of substance use like?

A

process is discontinuous

30
Q

How is the system like during periods of fluctuations?

A

system is destabilized but also open to new information and to the exploration of potentially more adaptive associations and configurations

31
Q

What are discontinuous transitions in psychotherapy preceded by?

A

preceded by critical fluctuations and instabilities in the system’s behaviour

32
Q

Asymmetry variable

A

normal factor -> smooth, continuos

33
Q

Bifurcation variable

A

splitting factor -> leads to discontinous change

34
Q

Repeller

A
  • negative form of attractor
  • opposite of a magnet
  • > chaos
  • > you cannot settle
  • > you’d push away
35
Q

Hysteresis

A
  • collection of stickiness
  • between two states
  • transition; shortly before you transition to other state
36
Q

Settle

A
  • cusp point
  • you cannot stay there
  • most unstable position