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History > Task 8- Lobes, hemispheres... > Flashcards

Task 8- Lobes, hemispheres... Flashcards

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1
Q

Beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians

A
  • Edwin smith papyrus:
  • papyrus that contains short descriptions of symptoms and treatment of Brian injuries
  • illustrates how physicians treated soldiers and came convinced of importance of head in controlling behavior

-in wider society: scholars convinced that heart was seat of the soul

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2
Q

Soul - Ancient Greece -Plato

A

Soul divided in 3 parts

1) brain -> reasoning, immortal, separated from body, controlled body
2) heart -> sensation, mortal
3) liver -> Appetite

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3
Q

Aristotle - soul

A
  • heart as seat of soul -> heat
  • brain -> cold, tempered the heat
  • > functional unit
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4
Q

Galen

A
  • 6 centuries after Aristotle
  • Greek physician
  • demonstrated that voice come from brain, not heart
  • dissected brains and published drawing (used ox brains)
  • believed that soul resided inside brain

-Animal spirits:
Spirits that travel over the nerves between ventricles in brain and body

-Ventricles:
Thought to contain perceptions, memories and thoughts
-> seat of animal spirits st

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5
Q

Developments in the renaissance

A
  • Galen’s view norm until well into 18th century
  • Andreas Vesalius established that there were 3 ventricles

1) front -> receive info from senses, called common sense, fantasy, imagination
2) middle -> thought and judgement
3) back -> memory

-observations by Johann Schenk von Grafenberg -> after brain damage patients sometimes could no longer speak b

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6
Q

Developments in 17th and 18th century (2)

A

1) brain instead of vesicles
- British anatomist Thomas Willis-> first to implicate grey part in functions of memory and will

2) increased interest in reflexes
- Galen noticed that animals perform involuntary acts
- Descartes -> mechanistic view

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7
Q

Breakthroughs of 19th century (5)

A

1) discovery of the cerebrospinal axis
2) Growing impact of the reflexes
3) localization of brain functions
4) the discovery of the nerve cell
5) disentangling communication in the nervous system

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8
Q

1) Discovery of the cerebrospinal axis

A
  • understanding that spinal cord is an integral part of CNS
  • involved in control of many functions
  • body remains functioning when cerebral hemispheres are disconnected
  • some animals have a spinal cord but no brain
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9
Q

2) Growing important of reflex

A

The reflex arc:

  • introduced by Marshall Hall
  • describing process underlying a reflex

Reflex arc as basis of mental functioning:

  • Ivan Sechenov claimed that all higher functions of brain were of a reflex nature
  • > influenced Pavlov (his student)
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10
Q

3) Localisation of brain functions

A

-shift from brain equipotentiality theory to localisation theory

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11
Q

4) Discovery of the nerve cell

A
  • better microscopes
  • techniques to stain brain tissue
  • > innovations for breakthrough
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12
Q

5) Disentangling communication in the nervous system (3 findings)

A

1) individual neurons instead of continuous network
- > communicate with each other without being attached
- Golgi
- Cajal

2) electricity within neurons
- Luigi Galvani -> evidence for electricity in nervous system
- operating frogs

  • Reymound: firmly established that nerve signals involved electricity (50 years later)
  • Helmholtz: measure speed of signal transmission, 1852

3) The synapse
- Neurotransmitter, chemical substance

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13
Q

William James (USA) and reflex arc

A
  • > ambivalent opinion

- reflex arc was considered as a model of brain functioning in the US

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14
Q

John Dewey

A
  • ambivalence

- reflex concept as too elementaristic and mechanistic

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15
Q

Equipotentiality theory

A
  • all parts of brain have equal significance and are involved in each task
  • > first thought to apply to whole brain, then limited to cerebral hemisphere
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16
Q

Localisation theory

A
  • brain processes are localized

- > only part of the brain underlies a particular mental function

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17
Q

Findings of language production

A

Jean Baptiste Bouillaud 1825:

  • student of Gall
  • evidence that speech was controlled by front parts of brain

Paul Broca 1861:

  • more cases showing importance of frontal lobes for language production
  • claimed only left hemisphere involved

Brocas are: speech production
Wernickes are: speech comprehension

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18
Q

Golgi

A
  • straining technique

- 1873

19
Q

Santiago Roman y Cajal

A
  • neuron doctrine
  • network of neurons composed of individual cells
  • > communicate with each other without being attached
  • after Golgi and Wernicke
20
Q

Emergence of neuropsychology in 20th century

A 
-localization studies in WW:
Gorden Homes (1876-1965): case studies -> vision problems after gun shot wounds at the back of the head

Joachim Bodamer (1847): described soldiers who lost ability to recognize faces -> prosopagnosia

-> psychologists became involved in study of behavioral consequences of brain injury, calling themselves neuropsychologists

21
Q

A change of focus: cognitive neuropsychology

A
  • 70/80s: neuropsychologist were dissatisfied because
    1) Localisation on basis of human brain injuries was difficult
    2) results went rarely beyond a list of symptoms

-> neuropsychologists should investigate functional implications of injuries

22
Q

New name : cognitive neuropsychology

A

-aimed at understanding and treating the behavioral consequences of brain damage within the information processing models proposed by cognitive psychologists

23
Q

One of first topics addressed by new approach: Deep dyslexia

A

-sting impaired reading after brain injury -> reading out semantically related words

  • made distinction between
    1) logogen system
    2) cognitive system
24
Q

1) logogen system

A
  • contained all words known to patient, no information about meaning
  • visual logogen system -> recognition of written words
  • auditory -> spoken words
  • output -> production of speech
25
Q

2) cognitive system

A

-stored meaning of words with which logogen system interacted

  • for normal reader: 3 routes to name a written word
  • patients with dyslexia: 2 routes are severed and only one remaining route
  • > the one via cognitive system -> gives rise to semantically related errors
26
Q

Brain imaging studies and the turn to neuroscience

A

-from post-mortem analyses to single cell recording -> to non-invasive techniques

27
Q

Criticism cognitive neuroscience

A

-findings of fMRI etc. are more comparable to localisation efforts of traditional neuropsychology than testing of cognitive models using neuropsychology

28
Q

Defence of cognitive neuroscience (3)

A

1) difference between showing! And speculating about brain regions involved in a particular task
2) Localisation of brain activity while performing a task -> provide info about the processes involved
3) recognized that tasks require interaction of several areas

29
Q

Broadman

A

…

30
Q

Thomas Willis

A

-17th century
-coined words ‘hemisphere’ and ‘lobe’
-attention to difference between outer layer and cerebral hemispheres
-first to implicate grey part in functions of memory and will
-

31
Q

Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)

A
  • phrenonology
  • bumps etc -> cognitive skills
  • first one to link behavior and brain regions together
32
Q

Broca

A
  • 1824-1880
  • patient who always said TAN
  • Broca’s area
33
Q

Wernicke

A

1848-1905 -> after Broca

34
Q

cognitive neuropsychiatry

A
  • end of 20th century
  • researchers argued that same approach could be used in study of faulty thinking in mental disorders

-> in particular delusions:
Strong erroneous beliefs that are not supported by empirical evidence

35
Q

Case study of Joseph Capgras

A
  • a women had long list of mental problems
  • delusions!
  • Capgras first interpretation:
  • delusion as result of discrepancy between rationally recognizing the family member and no longer feeling any sense of familiarity
36
Q

Capgras advanced explanation - inspired by Freud

A
  • source of delusion: incestuous desire for father
  • > led to ambivalence in feelings for other relatives -> resulting in mix of love and hate
  • if conflicts escalated too much:
  • ‘solved’ by making dissociation between the real, beloved person and the look-alike that could be hated
37
Q

Capgras delusion -> cognitive neuropsychiatry

A
  • cognitive neuropsychiatry grew interested in Capgras delusion when it became clear that delusion sometimes started after brain injury
  • Capgras delusion attracted further interest because cognitive models of face processing pointed to conclusion, that face recognition involved two different routes ( and that one routes is severed in people who have delusions)
38
Q

Galvani

A
  • frog studies

- 1786

39
Q

Raymond

A
  • 1808

- fish experiments, research

40
Q

Helmholtz

A

-1852

41
Q

Broca

A

-1861

42
Q

Bouilland

A
  • 1825

- speech controlled by frontal lobes

43
Q

Marshall hall

A
  • reflex arc
  • 1832
  • described the process underlying a reflex
44
Q

Gall & spurzheim

A

-Localisation , phrenology

History (10 decks)

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