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History > Task 5 -experimental Psychology > Flashcards

Task 5 -experimental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of Germany

A
  • ## foundation of first laboratory for experimental psychology
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2
Q

German universities

A

-refereed in 19th century
-> more dynamic and advance new sciences
-2 goals:
Wissenschaft
Bildung

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

A
  • German
  • studied with Von Helmholtz (measurement of reaction times)
  • father of experimental psychology
  • sometimes considered as founder of anthropology (study of cultures and societies)
  • his writings: several contradictions, hard to read
  • more structuralism
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4
Q

Methods used by Wundt (3)

A
  • experimental methods
  • introspection
  • historical method
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5
Q

Experimental methods

A

1) psychological methods:
- connection between physical stimuli and their conscious states

2) measurement of the duration of simple mental processes
3) accuracy of reproduction in memory tasks
- > Wundt was familiar with Fechners work on psychophysics: he did measurement of JND

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6
Q

Introspection

A
  • already proposed by Wundt
  • looking inside + reporting
  • method had already been criticized by Kant & Comte

Wund made distinction between:

1) internal perception (no real scientific method)
2) experimental self-observation, practiced in highly controlled circumstances (valid scientific method)

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7
Q

Historical method

A
  • studying human mind by investigating the products of human cultures
  • well suited to investigate ‘higher’ functions of the mind ( as social aspects of human thought and behavior)
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8
Q

America: William James (1842-1910)

A
  • taught psychology at Harvard university (1875)
  • wrote a book that had accessible and clear account of what was known about psychology at end of 19th century
  • functionalism!
  • defended introspection and didn’t like experimental methods
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9
Q

Impact of evolutionary theory on James

A
  • functionalism -> inspired by evolutionary theory
  • James saw continuity between animal and Human behavior
  • > receptive to comparative psychology
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10
Q

America: Titchener (1867- 1927)

A
  • structuralism
  • student of Wundt
  • inspired by empiricism and associationism
  • introspection: main research method , but participants had to be trained
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11
Q

Titchener wasn’t influential because:

A

1) Introspection did not intuitively give rise to the experience of elementary sensations -> Würzburg school
2) structuralism did not address issues most American psychologists saw as important
3) countermovement: Gestalt psychology

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12
Q

France: Comte (1798-1857)

A
  • positivism
  • science should become a religion
  • psychology = no real science because:
    1) introspection is flawed
    2) ?
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13
Q

Comte - civilization goes through 3 stages

A

1) Theocratic stage: gods and spirits dominate culture
2) Metaphysical stage: philosophical dominates -> psychology
3) Positivistic stage: natural sciences dominates

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14
Q

France: Ribot( 1839-1916)

A
  • questioned Comte’s view
  • showed colleagues how far behind France was, relative to other countries
  • translated books
  • tried to convince others that they could be positivists without accepting all of Comte’s claims
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15
Q

Charcot (1825-1893)

A
  • one of first neurologists
  • inspired my Mesmer
  • interested in hysteria
  • found out that hysteria resembles behavior that could be elicited under hypnosis
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16
Q

France: Binet and Simons

A
  • primary education became compulsory
  • > development of intelligence test
  • created scale of competence
17
Q

Psychology in the UK

A
  • for 6 centuries: Oxford and Cambridge the only universities in England
  • conservative universities
  • dominated by church
  • heavily oriented towards the classics
  • unreceptive to natural sciences
18
Q

Attempts to establish psychology at Cambridge

A

1) James McKeen Cattel (1860-1944)
- became lecturer
- opened first laboratory of physics
- started intelligence measurements with gallons recommendations

2) Rivers (1864-1922)
- lecturer in physiology department and tried to open laboratory -> happened in 1901

3) Myers (1872-1946)
- took over the laboratory in 1912

19
Q

Attempts to establish psychology at Oxford

A

William Mc Dougall (1971-1938)

?

20
Q

Developments in London

A
  • University College London (UCL) founded in 1826 - alternative to Cambridge and oxford
  • interest in natural sciences, open for empirical study of human mind
21
Q

Key developments important for Psychology in London (2)

A

1) establishment of chair of logic and philosophy of human mind
- > James Sully

2) presence of Galton

22
Q

James Sully

A
  • Grote chair
  • wrote books on perception and memory
  • effort to established first laboratory of Psychology in UK (1898)
  • Founded British society of psychology
23
Q

Francis Galton

A
  • established leading journal for development of statistical methods together with
  • Pearson (maths)
  • > developed correlation coefficient to measure relation between intelligence test and academic skills (no relation was found)

-and Weldon (zoology)

24
Q

Scotland

A

-

25
Q

Five schools of Psychology

A
  • beginning are often depicted by making distinction between
    1) Structuralism
    2) functionalism
    3) Gestalt psychology
    4) Behaviorism
    5) Psychoanalysis
26
Q

History of Psychology simplified in 3 terms

A

1) theses
2) antitheses
3) syntheses

27
Q

Theses

A
  • psychology as taught at universities

- began as study of mind based on introspection ( structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt)

28
Q

Antitheses

A
  • in reaction to unreliability of introspection

- behaviorism redefined psychology as study of behavior based on objective method of experimentation

29
Q

Syntheses

A
  • reaction to limited research agenda and theoretical failure of behaviorism
  • ‘cognitive revolution’ restored mind as a proper subject of psychology
  • benefit of rigorous experimental methods developed within behaviorism
30
Q

Governmentalization

A
  • second part of 19th century
  • private initiatives of citizens were supported by state (education, social legislation, eugenic laws)
  • social management became matter of national politics (education, health care)
  • laid foundation for welfare state (Sozialstaat)
31
Q

Individualizations

A
  • with time, social management plans became more individualized
  • recording of individual peoples achievements became standard practice
32
Q

Scientification

A
  • end of 19th century

- most domains of social management could rely on scientific contribution

History (10 decks)

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